Fossil is the name given to the remains or traces of a long dead plant or animal
preserved in the Earth's crust since very ancient times.
Fossils collected from all over the world are our most important source of information
about the living things that once existed on Earth.
The skeletons of living things, whose contact with the air was suddenly cut off,
have survived down to the present day.
Research into fossils permits us to learn about animals and plants,
revealing which living things lived during which periods.
It also provides evidence of the fact that some creatures,
which existed millions of years ago, have remained unchanged to date.
According to Darwin's evolutionary theory,
whose invalidity has been definitely proven by the fossil record,
species are descended from one single common ancestor.
The emergence of such very different species took place with minute changes being added
onto one another over a very long period of time.
According to the theory, single-celled organisms appeared first,
and over the course of hundreds of millions of years,
these first developed into invertebrate marine creatures,
and later into fish.
These fish then moved onto dry land, giving rise to reptiles.
According to the same claim, birds and mammals then evolved separately from reptiles.
If all this were true, then a very large number of intermediate forms of species
must have once existed, as one life form supposedly evolved into another.
For example, if reptiles really evolved into birds,
then billions of half-reptile, half-bird forms must once have lived.
These intermediate forms would have had incomplete, non-functional wings.
It was Darwin who originally named these hypothetical imaginary creatures
intermediate forms.
He knew that if his theory was to be verified,
then the remains of these intermediate forms would have to be unearthed in the fossil record.
In his book, The Origin of Species, Darwin wrote,
If my theory be true, numberless intermediate varieties linking most closely all of the species
of the same group together must assuredly have existed.
Consequently, evidence of their former existence could be found only amongst fossil remains.
However, Darwin was also well aware that the fossil record contained absolutely none of his intermediate forms.
That's why he devoted a special chapter in his book to the matter,
where he posed these worrisome questions.
Why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations,
do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?
As by this theory, innumerable transitional forms must have existed.
Why do we not find them embedded in countless numbers in the crust of the Earth?
Evolutionists seize on fossils as very important,
in terms of being able to establish relationships
and point out developmental similarities between them and today's living life forms.
They look to the fossil record to verify their claims
that species evolved gradually from one another.
Yet, although 80% of the fossil record has now been unearthed,
they still have not a single piece of evidence to offer.
For that reason, in an attempt to prove their theories,
some evolutionists have attempted to manufacture their own fossils,
and these have later been realized to be forgeries or distortions.
The Earth's fossil layers actually prove
that living things have existed in their perfect forms
ever since they were first created.
Neville George, a Glasgow University professor of paleontology,
admitted this many years ago.
There is no need to apologize any longer
for the poverty of the fossil record.
In some ways, it has become almost unimaginably rich,
and discovery is outpacing integration.
The fossil record, nevertheless,
continues to be composed mainly of gaps.
Niles Eldridge, the famous Harvard University paleontologist,
expresses the invalidity of Darwin's claim
that the reason why no transitional forms have been found
is the insufficient fossil record.
The record jumps,
and all the evidence shows that the record is real.
The gaps we see reflect real events in life's history,
not the artifact of a poor fossil record.
Whenever the fossil record is mentioned,
most people mistakenly assume
that there is a positive relationship
between the record and Darwin's theory.
However, an article in New Scientist by David Raup,
a professor of geology from Harvard, Rochester,
and Chicago universities,
refers specifically to this error.
A large number of well-trained scientists
outside of evolutionary biology and paleontology
have unfortunately gotten the idea
that the fossil record is far more Darwinian than it is.
This probably comes from the oversimplification
inevitable in secondary sources.
Low-level textbooks,
semi-popular articles, and so on.
Also, there is probably some wishful thinking involved.
In the years after Darwin,
his advocates hoped to find predictable progressions.
In general, these have not been found,
yet the optimism has died hard,
and some pure fantasy has crept into textbooks.
The American paleontologist Stephen Stanley
describes how this aspect of the fossil record
is ignored by the Darwinist dogma
that dominates the scientific world,
and how that dogma persuades others
to ignore the facts, too.
The known fossil record is not,
and has never been,
in accord with gradualism.
What is remarkable is that,
through a variety of historical circumstances,
even the history of opposition has been obscured.
As the biological historian William Coleman
has recently written,
the majority of paleontologists felt
their evidence simply contradicted
Darwin's stress on minute, slow,
and cumulative changes
leading to species transformation.
Their story has been suppressed.
The oldest stratum in which fossils are found
is the Cambrian, estimated at between 530
and 500 million years old.
Apart from single-celled organisms,
no fossils have been discovered
in any strata older than the Cambrian.
In the Cambrian period,
a number of very different species
appeared suddenly.
More than 30 species,
such as jellyfish, starfish, and snails,
emerge all at once.
Contrary to the assumptions
of the theory of evolution,
these creatures possessed
very complex bodily structures,
rather than simple ones.
Trilobites, with their hard shells,
segmented bodies, and complex organs,
are a good example.
Their abundant fossils
have made it possible
for detailed research
to be conducted
on the trilobite's eyes.
This structure is made up
of hundreds of tiny combs,
each one of which
contains a double lens.
This structure is a marvel of creation.
The trilobite's eye
is the earliest known eye on Earth
and definitely refutes
the Darwinist claim
that living things evolved
from the simple to the complex.
On this subject,
David Raup,
a University of Chicago paleontologist,
says that
the trilobite's eye
The trilobites
used an optimal design
which would require
a well-trained
and imaginative optical engineer
to develop today.
In addition,
this same ocular system
has survived
right down to the present day,
unchanged over 530 million years,
and can still be seen
in such insects
as bees and dragonflies.
According to the theory of evolution,
species have evolved
from simple forms
to more complex ones.
Yet there are no other complex forms
prior to trilobites
and other Cambrian creatures
which appeared suddenly.
coming into being
with no forerunners
preceding them.
The British zoologist
Richard Dawkins,
the best-known
contemporary proponent
of the theory of evolution,
makes the following confession.
It is as though they,
Cambrian creatures,
were just planted there
without any evolutionary history.
This totally invalidates
the theory of evolution
because,
in The Origin of Species,
Darwin wrote,
If numerous species
belonging to the same genera
or families
have really started
into life all at once,
the fact would be fatal
to the theory of descent
with slow modification
through natural selection.
This blow
that Darwin so feared
is dealt
by the Cambrian period,
right at the beginning
of the fossil record.
Because the living species
in strata
from after the Cambrian
also appear suddenly,
again,
with fully formed structures.
Basic living classes
such as fish,
amphibians,
reptiles,
and mammals,
along with hundreds
of thousands
of species
within those classes,
emerged on Earth
all of a sudden
and all perfectly formed.
Among them,
there is not a single
intermediate form
of the kind dreamed of
by evolutionists.
Another example
that shows
that life
did not develop
from the simple
to the complex,
but was already
exceedingly complex
the moment it appeared
is the shark,
which the fossil record
shows to have appeared
around 400 million years ago.
This creature
possessed
the very superior ability
to replace
its lost teeth.
Yet many creatures
that lived millions
of years after it
lacked this property.
This is incontrovertible proof
that the shark
did not evolve
from the simple
to the complex.
The fact
the vertebrate mammalian eye
and that
of the invertebrate octopus,
which species emerged
hundreds of millions
of years earlier
than the mammals,
resemble one another
and have the same
complex structures
and systems
is still more evidence.
All these examples
demonstrate
that there is no
developmental progression
from the simple
to the complex
in living species.
This fact
has been observed
from analysis
of morphological,
functional,
and genetic studies
of living organisms.
In terms of shape
and size,
for example,
many creatures
from earlier strata,
such as dinosaurs,
are far larger
than others
that appeared
after them.
We see exactly
the same thing
in terms of
functional systems.
In terms of its structure,
the ear is one example
that refutes
the supposition
of development
from the simple
to the complex.
Amphibians have
a middle ear cavity,
yet reptiles,
which emerged
after them
in the fossil record,
have a simple hearing system
based on one single
small bone
and possess no
middle ear cavity.
Genetic research
produces similar results.
Studies have shown
that the sequence
in chromosome numbers
does not reflect
living organisms' complexity.
For example,
human beings
have 46 chromosomes.
the copepod crab
only six,
yet the microscopic
life form
radiolaria
a massive 800.
This fact alone
proves that there
was never any evolution
in either functional
or morphological terms,
from the simple
to the complex.
The evolutionist
paleontologist
Mark Czarnecki
admits as much.
A major problem
in proving the theory
has been the fossil record,
the imprints
of vanished species
preserved in the Earth's
geological formations.
This record
has never revealed
traces of Darwin's
hypothetical
intermediate variance.
Instead,
species appear,
abruptly,
and this anomaly
has fueled
the creationist argument
that each species
was created by God.
as much species
has been the fastest
in the nays
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many specimens of these same organisms still in existence today.
Their remaining unchanged completely invalidates the theory that maintains that living things
are in a constant state of change and that they constantly develop as a result of chance.
The fossil record demonstrates the exact opposite.
The very first fish, reptiles or mammals that emerged on Earth are exactly identical to
present-day fish, reptiles and mammals.
Some species have become extinct, but no species has ever morphed into another.
This demonstrates that God created living species independently and that living things
have never undergone any evolution since the day of their creation.
We may list a few of the many examples of this.
A 100 million year old ant embedded in amber is identical to modern day ants.
This shrimp-like creature, bearing the scientific name Triops cancriformis, has remained unchanged
for 300 million years.
A 400 million year old sea star is indistinguishable from a living specimen.
A 355 to 295 million year old dragonfly fossil is identical to those species living today.
There is no difference between wasp fossils millions of years old and wasps alive today.
A 190 million year old crocodile fossil compared with a living specimen.
A tortoise that has undergone no changes and a 50 million year old fossil tortoise.
There is no difference between a 195 million year old fossil shrimp and those alive today.
The alleged evolution of plants is also no more than a myth.
On the screen can be seen a living specimen of the plant Acher Monspeculanum and a 30 million year old fossil.
Fossils of the invertebrate mollusk known as the chambered nautilus, frequently encountered in today's seas, are also found in Cambrian strata dating back 520 million years.
The nautilus has undergone no evolution from the time of its creation down to the present day.
A fossil fish dating back 200 million years shows no difference between the old fish and those living today.
The theory of evolution maintains that living things developed from simple forms to the more complex.
This is a prejudice that does not reflect the truth.
In order to see just how unrealistic this claim is, let us consider one creature that evolutionists claim
to have developed from a simpler form, the fish.
If you examine any species of fish, you will see that in order to swim, all it has to do is wave its tail.
Under normal conditions, when the tail is moved in one direction, the head should be pushed in the other direction with equal force.
Yet this is not what happens.
Fish's bodies have been created in such a way as to eliminate this effect.
At the same time during movement, a vertical force acts on the head.
All this causes the oscillation of the fish's head in the water to be less than that of its tail.
This difference enables the fish to move forward through the water.
How quickly the fish moves forward depends on how rapidly its fin moves to the right and left of the axis passing through its backbone.
The speed increases as the fin nears the axis and decreases as it moves away.
Just how efficient is this system?
Observations have revealed that when a fish that's hanging immobile in the water, once frightened, is able to move at a very high speed.
From a complete rest, some small fish can reach their top speed in as little as 1 20th of a second.
They can produce a propulsive force up to four times their own weight.
There's an additional point that we mustn't ignore.
Fish exhibit this impressive performance in water, whose resistance is higher than that of air.
Bearing that in mind, you can see just what a superior performance this is.
And some species of fish exhibit it even against the current.
Salmon are definitely the most excellent example of this.
Salmon reaching the sea can spawn, and thus ensure the survival of subsequent generations,
only by reaching the same river where they were hatched, and laying their eggs there.
In order to reach their spawning grounds, therefore, salmon have to constantly swim up river, against the current.
They also have to overcome waterfalls that stand in their way,
and often must leap up to four meters forward, and two meters above the water's surface.
During these leaps, salmon leave the water at a speed of 24 kilometers an hour.
The impact at the end of such a leap would be fatal to many creatures.
But after such falls, salmon continue on their way unharmed.
Did they not possess muscular and skeletal systems capable of making such leaps,
they would of course be unable to survive.
We know that fish do not move forwards only.
They cannot survive without being able to move up and down.
This problem is overcome with another structure that God created in them.
Thanks to the swim bladders in fish's bodies,
they are able to sink to the bottom or rise up to the surface.
When a fish descends to the depths, the physical effects of the water on it change.
It adapts to different conditions at these various depths by reducing or increasing the amount of air in its swim bladder.
In addition, fish's centers of gravity are generally positioned so as to pass their swim bladders.
In this way, in the event that it loses its balance,
only very small movements of its fins are needed to restore the fish to its desired position.
Most fish are covered in a very resistant skin,
consisting of an upper and a lower layer.
The upper contains glands that secrete mucus,
whose slippery or sticky texture helps reduce friction to a minimum
as the fish moves through the water.
This permits fish to move faster.
Moreover, this slippery property makes it harder for predators to hold onto the fish if they seize it,
while also protecting it against far tinier predators,
in the form of infectious microbes and microscopic organisms.
In their outer skins, fish also have a keratin-like layer that prevents water entering the body
and maintains a stable balance between the pressure inside the fish's body and that in its external environment.
Were it not for this layer, water would enter the fish's innards and cause its death.
As we have seen, many systems must coexist in order to facilitate fish's movement through water.
The structures and functions of these systems are entirely different from and independent of one another,
yet any one is of no use without all the others,
and any deficiency will spell death for the animal.
For example, the mucus fluid must maintain specific levels of slipperiness and stickiness,
and at the same time, must also have antimicrobial properties.
The fact that all these conditions are met, and not in an enormous chemical plant,
but in a layer just a few millimeters thick, under the fish's skin, is a definite miracle.
These features, requiring great knowledge and skill,
are just some of the proofs that God has created all these species of fish.
God reveals the infinite nature of his might in verses.
Everything in the heavens and earth belongs to him.
Everything is obedient to him, the originator of the heavens and earth.
When he decides on something, he just says to it,
Be, and it is.
Imagine yourself in a huge crowd, standing shoulder to shoulder with hundreds of people.
Everyone wants to move at random, to right and left, constantly,
and what's more, in pitch darkness.
Could you move without bumping into anyone else?
Of course not.
These movements, quite impossible for us, are easy for fish.
Because they have been created with a sensory system known as the lateral line,
which consists of points, or dotted lines, stretching along both sides of the body.
Sensory cells are located in a canal beneath the skin.
The fish immediately determines the slightest change in external pressure.
Eddies in the water, the strength and direction of the current, all thanks to these lateral lines.
It can therefore perceive the presence of an enemy, or an obstacle before it sees it.
It can locate prey, or predators, and find its way in the water currents.
The lateral lines are particularly sensitive to low-frequency vibrations nearby.
So fish can instantly detect footsteps along the shore, or a predator driving under the surface of the water, and take appropriate evasive precautions.
Nearby objects reflect the waves reaching them.
In this way, the ripples that return after a wave strikes the shore reach the fish's body at very narrow intervals.
Thanks to its lateral lines, the fish analyzes these time differentials, and forms an image of its surroundings from the information thus obtained.
To obtain more information, the fish can simply swim faster, and give rise to more waves.
The system functions so perfectly, as to let fish perform a highly detailed scan.
For example, in order to be able to see in the totally pitch dark water in which it lives, the Mexican blind cave fish is totally dependent on its lateral lines.
Despite having no eyes, it can detect objects smaller than a pinhead.
Fish swimming in large schools, particularly in muddy waters with low visibility, make use of their lateral lines in order to maneuver quickly without bumping into each other.
These sensory organs have a very complex structure, and it's of course impossible for such a system to form by chance, gradually, over the course of eons.
The system has to emerge all at once, if fish are to survive.
This clearly supports the fossil record, revealing that fish did not come into being by evolving through gradual changes, as evolutionists claim, but when God created them, flawless and perfect.
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Transcription by CastingWords
If evolutionists need to show that one species turned into another,
then they need to produce evidence in the form of fossils of intermediate forms
that show these different species allegedly evolving into one another.
Any theory that maintains that jellyfish developed into fish,
fish into reptiles, and reptiles into birds and mammals,
must unearth fossils to demonstrate that this actually occurred.
Darwin admitted as much, but wrote that there must be countless specimens of such fossils,
although none were actually available at the time.
Yet in the intervening 150 years, no intermediate form has been discovered.
There are some 100 million fossils from all over the world in thousands of museums and collections.
Each of these belongs to a species separated from every other by definitive features and unique structures.
No fossils of half-fish, semi-amphibians, half-dinosaur, half-birds,
or half-ape, half-humans of the kind sought by evolutionists have ever been found.
The evolutionist fossil expert Derek W. Ager admits as such.
The point emerges that if we examine the fossil record in detail,
whether at the level of orders or of species,
we find, over and over again, not gradual evolution,
but the sudden explosion of one group at the expense of another.
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