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All the physical laws in the universe are delicately balanced and specifically measured

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for the existence and support of life.

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The general structure of the universe, the place of our earth in that universe, our planets,

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physical features such as air, light and water all possess properties that are essential

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to our survival.

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When we inspect and study at the molecular level, the special creation of the microcosmic

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world reveals a clear and an even more unique order.

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At the molecular level, or smaller, such as the atomic level, which is too small to

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be seen with the naked eye, everything is flawless.

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The elements that make up our hands, eyes, hair and lungs, or all of the living things

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such as plants, animals, trees and birds that provide food for us are all specially created

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building blocks.

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In his work, The Universe, Plan or Accident, the physicist Robert Clarke describes how

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the building blocks of life were brought into being with a very special and a very superior

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creation.

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As if the creator has given us a kit of prefabricated parts ready made for the work in hand.

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One of these special components referred to by Clarke is the element called carbon.

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In many respects, carbon has different properties compared to other elements.

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These differences make it essential to life.

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Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table.

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Its most important characteristic is that it constitutes the basis of many things on Earth,

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from our car tires to our computers, from the natural gas we use to cellulose, from the

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meat we eat to the DNA in our cells.

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The film you are about to watch provides information about the structure of carbon and allows you to

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witness a great proof of creation.

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The element carbon, the basis of all life, is only produced as the result of very special

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and miraculous reactions in the centers of giant stars.

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If these miraculous reactions did not take place, there would be no such element as carbon

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in the universe today, and thus no such concept as life.

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We describe these reactions as miraculous because they only take place in conditions that are

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impossible under normal circumstances when they combine together.

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Let us now examine this phenomenon.

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The carbon atom comes into being as a result of a two-stage process in the nuclei of giant stars.

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Two helium atoms first combine together, resulting in an intermediate element with four protons

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and four neutrons.

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This intermediate element is known as beryllium.

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When a third helium atom is added to beryllium, the result is a carbon atom with six protons

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and six neutrons.

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The beryllium that emerges in the first stage has a different structure to the beryllium found

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on Earth.

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The ordinary beryllium in the periodic table has an extra neutron.

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The beryllium that forms inside red giant stars, on the other hand, is a different version.

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Chemists call this an isotope.

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Physicists have long been amazed because this beryllium that forms in red giants is abnormally unstable.

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It is so unstable that it disintegrates in as little as one quadrillionth of a second after it is formed.

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So how is it that this beryllium isotope that vanishes the moment it forms turns into carbon?

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Does the helium atom that will convert the beryllium isotope into carbon approach and bond to it by chance?

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Such a thing is, of course, impossible.

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It is just as or even more impossible as a third brick being added on top of two other bricks

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that have come to be standing on top of one another by chance

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in as little as a trillionth of a second

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before the first two bricks collapse

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and in such a way a sound piece of construction emerges.

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The famous scientist Paul Davies describes this miraculous phenomenon in these words.

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Carbon nuclei are made by a rather delicate process involving the simultaneous encounter

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of three helium nuclei inside the cores of large stars.

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Because of the rarity of triple nuclear encounters,

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the reaction can proceed at a significant rate

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only at certain well-defined energies called resonances

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where the reaction rate is greatly amplified by quantum effects.

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One of these resonances is positioned just right

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to correspond to the sort of energies that helium nuclei have inside large stars.

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A process known as double resonance takes place in red giants.

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When two helium atoms resonate in union,

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another resonance causes a third helium atom to join the beryllium atom

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that emerged in as little as one quadrillionth of a second

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and thus give rise to carbon.

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This is a phenomenon that cannot possibly take place under normal conditions.

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George Greenstein describes why this double resonance

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is such an extraordinary mechanism.

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There are three quite separate structures in this story.

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Helium, beryllium and carbon

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and two quite separate resonances.

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It is hard to see why these nuclei should work together so smoothly.

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It is like discovering deep and complex resonances

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between a car, a bicycle and a truck.

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Why should such a disparate structure mesh together so perfectly?

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Upon this, our existence

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Greenstein compares the formation of carbon in the nuclei of giant stars

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to a phenomenon that could not possibly occur spontaneously,

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but is reluctant to unequivocally describe this as a miracle of creation

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due to his belief in materialist dogma.

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It subsequently emerged that certain other elements such as oxygen

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also form by way of such extraordinary resonances.

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Fred Hoyle, who first discovered these extraordinary processes,

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concluded in his book,

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Galaxies, Nuclei and Quasars,

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that this process was far too planned

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to have come about by coincidence.

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And despite being a committed materialist,

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he admitted that the double resonance

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he discovered was a regulated matter.

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In another article, he stated the following.

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If you want to produce carbon and oxygen

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in roughly equal quantities by stellar nucleosynthesis,

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these are the two levels you would have to fix,

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and your fixing would have to be

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just about where these levels are actually found to be.

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A common sense interpretation of the fact suggests

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that a super-intellect has intervened in physics

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as well as chemistry and biology,

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and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature.

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The numbers one calculates from the facts

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seem to be so overwhelming

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as to put this conclusion almost beyond a question.

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So influenced was Hoyle by this miraculous phenomenon

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that he stressed how other scientists

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could not ignore this obvious truth.

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I do not believe that any scientist

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who examined the evidence

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would fail to draw the inference

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that the laws of nuclear physics

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have been deliberately designed

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with regard to the consequences

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they produce inside the stars.

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It has been estimated

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that there are currently around

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two million compounds on Earth

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with different structures combined

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in various ways.

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In the same way

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that these compounds may be able to form solely

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by two atoms combining together,

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they can also emerge

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from a combination of millions of atoms.

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The interesting thing, however,

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is that the fact that every element

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has its own particular ability

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to produce compounds.

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Some elements never combine

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with another element

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under any circumstance.

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Some produce only one or two compounds.

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carbon, however,

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carbon, is very different to all of these.

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It is able by itself

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to establish 1.7 million compounds

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of different kinds.

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Bearing in mind

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that the total number

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of different compounds

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in the world is 2 million,

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we see that all the other elements,

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excluding carbon,

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produce the remaining 300,000 compounds.

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The meaning of this

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is that carbon

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carbon is a great marvel

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of creation.

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It is also very interesting

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that there is actually

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quite a small amount

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of this vitally important element.

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Carbon represents only 9-10%

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of living bodies

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in weight

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and only 17 parts

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in 100,000

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of the Earth's composition.

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Despite being present

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in only small quantities,

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carbon is still present

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in every part of our lives,

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including our own bodies,

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and there is no other element

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that can replace it.

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Carbon's property

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of being easily able

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to form compounds

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with other elements

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stems from the bonds

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it establishes.

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Because of its molecular properties,

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carbon is able

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to add atoms

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of the same type

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to one another

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and also to combine atoms

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of different kinds.

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Other atoms

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generally lack this property.

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They can form bonds

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with certain atoms

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but differentiate

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between others.

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Carbon forms

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very strong covalent bonds

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with other carbon atoms.

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Since these bonds

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are very strong,

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they allow very large

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and long molecules

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to form.

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The carbohydrates,

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protein,

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and nucleic acids

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in the body

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are large molecules

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that result

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from such carbon bonds.

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Scientists spent years

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investigating

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whether there was

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any other element

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that might replace carbon.

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The element

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with the nearest properties

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to those of carbon

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was silicon.

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They therefore thought

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that silicon

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should be able

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in some way

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to build

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the compounds

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formed by carbon.

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However,

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all their efforts

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proved to be in vain.

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because silicon

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had no ability

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to form

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a large number

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of compounds

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with other elements

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in the way

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that carbon does.

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The main reason

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for this

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is the strong bonds

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that carbon forms

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with its own atoms.

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The bond between

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two carbon atoms

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is very strong

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for which reason

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it permits

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much longer

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and highly stable bonds.

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although silicon

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is an element

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very close

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to carbon

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it is unable

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to form

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such powerful bonds

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with its own atoms.

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The bond

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it establishes

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is weak

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and unsuited

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to the formation

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of long chains.

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In his book

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The Chemical Elements

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and Their Compounds

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the British chemist

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Neville Sedgwick

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describes how

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there is no alternative

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to carbon.

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We know enough now

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to be sure

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that the idea

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of a world

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in which silicon

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should take

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the place of carbon

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as the basis

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of life

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is impossible.

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The Earth

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is the only known planet

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to have

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the necessary conditions

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for carbon

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to form

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and give rise

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to compounds.

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For example

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the temperature range

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needed for a carbon

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compound

284
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:03,160
to be able

285
00:17:03,160 --> 00:17:03,720
to form

286
00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:04,400
is between

287
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:05,440
minus 20

288
00:17:05,440 --> 00:17:06,080
and

289
00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:06,680
positive

290
00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:08,360
120 degrees Celsius.

291
00:17:09,020 --> 00:17:09,880
Carbon compounds

292
00:17:09,880 --> 00:17:11,080
start to freeze

293
00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:12,760
at minus 20 degrees

294
00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:14,340
and to fall apart

295
00:17:14,340 --> 00:17:16,140
at 120 degrees.

296
00:17:16,660 --> 00:17:17,520
We can witness

297
00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:18,320
this decay

298
00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:19,720
and this falling apart

299
00:17:19,720 --> 00:17:21,180
under world conditions.

300
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:25,820
In a forest fire

301
00:17:25,820 --> 00:17:26,600
for instance

302
00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:27,660
the extreme heat

303
00:17:27,660 --> 00:17:28,760
entirely alters

304
00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:29,320
the structure

305
00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:30,400
of tree trunks.

306
00:17:31,840 --> 00:17:32,640
Carbon compounds

307
00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:33,640
undergo changes

308
00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:34,920
which is the reason

309
00:17:34,920 --> 00:17:36,020
that the tree structure

310
00:17:36,020 --> 00:17:37,460
is radically altered.

311
00:17:39,260 --> 00:17:40,140
The carbon

312
00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:41,180
has now lost

313
00:17:41,180 --> 00:17:42,620
its original structure.

314
00:17:42,620 --> 00:17:45,100
as we have seen

315
00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:46,520
carbon is impaired

316
00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:47,880
by temperature changes.

317
00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:49,480
If that change

318
00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:50,260
were to prevail

319
00:17:50,260 --> 00:17:51,460
across the world

320
00:17:51,460 --> 00:17:52,800
life would disappear.

321
00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,500
This is one

322
00:17:56,500 --> 00:17:57,520
of the most important

323
00:17:57,520 --> 00:17:58,160
proofs

324
00:17:58,160 --> 00:17:59,000
that the Earth

325
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:00,840
is specially created.

326
00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:06,080
the temperature range

327
00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:06,940
that permits

328
00:18:06,940 --> 00:18:07,440
carbon

329
00:18:07,440 --> 00:18:08,280
to give rise

330
00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:09,580
to organic compounds

331
00:18:09,580 --> 00:18:10,980
exists only

332
00:18:10,980 --> 00:18:11,740
on Earth

333
00:18:11,740 --> 00:18:14,280
and this temperature range

334
00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:14,920
is a highly

335
00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:15,800
delicate one.

336
00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:21,760
To make a comparison

337
00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:22,980
the temperature

338
00:18:22,980 --> 00:18:23,820
on Venus

339
00:18:23,820 --> 00:18:25,180
the next planet

340
00:18:25,180 --> 00:18:25,900
to the Earth

341
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:27,160
in the solar system

342
00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:27,820
is around

343
00:18:27,820 --> 00:18:29,600
450 degrees Celsius

344
00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:31,220
and the temperature

345
00:18:31,220 --> 00:18:31,960
on Mars

346
00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:33,340
the next planet

347
00:18:33,340 --> 00:18:34,280
after the Earth

348
00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:35,580
is minus

349
00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:37,220
53 degrees Celsius

350
00:18:37,220 --> 00:18:39,060
it is impossible

351
00:18:39,060 --> 00:18:39,800
for carbon

352
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:40,540
to give rise

353
00:18:40,540 --> 00:18:41,680
to organic compounds

354
00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:43,460
in such burning heat

355
00:18:43,460 --> 00:18:45,020
and freezing cold.

356
00:18:49,220 --> 00:18:50,660
It must also

357
00:18:50,660 --> 00:18:51,540
not be forgotten

358
00:18:51,540 --> 00:18:52,880
that the temperature

359
00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:53,720
in the stars

360
00:18:53,720 --> 00:18:54,920
measure millions

361
00:18:54,920 --> 00:18:55,700
of degrees

362
00:18:55,700 --> 00:18:57,060
and that the temperature

363
00:18:57,060 --> 00:18:58,220
in the vasts

364
00:18:58,220 --> 00:18:59,340
of outer space

365
00:18:59,340 --> 00:19:00,340
is minus

366
00:19:00,340 --> 00:19:02,900
273 degrees Celsius

367
00:19:02,900 --> 00:19:04,580
or absolute zero.

368
00:19:05,220 --> 00:19:05,880
The fact that

369
00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:06,620
only the Earth

370
00:19:06,620 --> 00:19:07,320
possesses

371
00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:08,000
the specific

372
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:09,180
temperature range

373
00:19:09,180 --> 00:19:10,600
necessary to support

374
00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:11,880
carbon-based life

375
00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:13,120
is a great blessing

376
00:19:13,120 --> 00:19:14,560
and a special creation.

377
00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:22,640
The important thing

378
00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:23,600
is to realize

379
00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:24,520
by seeing

380
00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:25,620
these perfections

381
00:19:25,620 --> 00:19:26,640
and by knowing

382
00:19:26,640 --> 00:19:28,080
Allah's matchless

383
00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:28,780
artistry

384
00:19:28,780 --> 00:19:30,360
that one stands

385
00:19:30,360 --> 00:19:31,400
in need of Allah

386
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:32,840
and should appreciate

387
00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:33,720
His greatness.

388
00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:35,460
Allah reveals

389
00:19:35,460 --> 00:19:36,140
this fact

390
00:19:36,140 --> 00:19:37,000
in the Quran.

391
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:49,620
I seek refuge

392
00:19:49,620 --> 00:19:50,060
in Allah

393
00:19:50,060 --> 00:19:51,380
from the accursed Satan.

394
00:19:52,380 --> 00:19:53,280
Have you thought

395
00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:54,580
about what you cultivate?

396
00:19:55,460 --> 00:19:56,160
Is it you

397
00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:57,260
who make it germinate

398
00:19:57,260 --> 00:19:58,320
or are we

399
00:19:58,320 --> 00:19:59,100
the germinator?

400
00:19:59,940 --> 00:20:00,960
If we wished

401
00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:02,300
we could have made it

402
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:03,320
broken stubble,

403
00:20:03,960 --> 00:20:05,080
you would then be left

404
00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:06,520
devoid of crops,

405
00:20:07,120 --> 00:20:07,660
distraught.

406
00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:08,980
We are ruined,

407
00:20:09,380 --> 00:20:09,860
in fact,

408
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:10,880
we are destitute.

409
00:20:12,420 --> 00:20:13,140
Have you thought

410
00:20:13,140 --> 00:20:13,900
about the water

411
00:20:13,900 --> 00:20:14,660
that you drink?

412
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:15,860
Is it you

413
00:20:15,860 --> 00:20:16,760
who sent it down

414
00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:17,500
from the clouds

415
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:18,680
or are we

416
00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:19,340
the sender?

417
00:20:20,020 --> 00:20:20,840
If we wished

418
00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:22,180
we could have made it bitter,

419
00:20:22,820 --> 00:20:23,500
so will you not

420
00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:24,160
give thanks?

421
00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:26,720
Have you thought

422
00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:27,460
about the fire

423
00:20:27,460 --> 00:20:28,100
that you light?

424
00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:29,580
Is it you

425
00:20:29,580 --> 00:20:30,360
who make the trees

426
00:20:30,360 --> 00:20:31,280
that fuel it grow

427
00:20:31,280 --> 00:20:32,720
or are we

428
00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:33,240
the grower?

429
00:20:51,620 --> 00:20:52,840
When we examine

430
00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:54,140
carbon in detail,

431
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:55,140
we see that

432
00:20:55,140 --> 00:20:56,400
not only the formation

433
00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:57,420
of this atom,

434
00:20:58,040 --> 00:20:59,280
but also its chemical

435
00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:00,840
properties have been

436
00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:02,040
specially determined.

437
00:21:02,940 --> 00:21:03,480
In nature,

438
00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:05,080
carbon is found

439
00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:06,640
in two separate forms,

440
00:21:07,260 --> 00:21:09,020
graphite and diamond.

441
00:21:10,020 --> 00:21:10,380
However,

442
00:21:10,700 --> 00:21:11,860
the compound it forms

443
00:21:11,860 --> 00:21:12,860
produce very different

444
00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:13,480
substances.

445
00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:15,340
All the very different

446
00:21:15,340 --> 00:21:16,380
organic structures

447
00:21:16,380 --> 00:21:17,960
from the cell membrane

448
00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:18,840
to tree bark,

449
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:20,600
from the lens of the eye

450
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:22,100
to a deer's antlers,

451
00:21:22,360 --> 00:21:23,900
from the white of an egg

452
00:21:23,900 --> 00:21:25,060
to snake venom,

453
00:21:25,780 --> 00:21:26,800
all these consist

454
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:28,680
of carbon-based compounds.

455
00:21:29,740 --> 00:21:30,560
Carbon combines

456
00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:31,240
with hydrogen,

457
00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:32,060
oxygen,

458
00:21:32,380 --> 00:21:33,640
and nitrogen atoms

459
00:21:33,640 --> 00:21:34,820
in very different

460
00:21:34,820 --> 00:21:36,080
geometrical forms

461
00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:36,860
and sequences,

462
00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:38,800
thus giving rise

463
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:39,960
to very different

464
00:21:39,960 --> 00:21:40,620
substances.

465
00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:43,440
Some carbon compounds

466
00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:44,820
consist of only

467
00:21:44,820 --> 00:21:46,240
a very few atoms,

468
00:21:46,860 --> 00:21:48,120
while others contain

469
00:21:48,120 --> 00:21:48,660
thousands

470
00:21:48,660 --> 00:21:50,060
or even millions.

471
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:52,620
Only carbon atoms

472
00:21:52,620 --> 00:21:53,920
can form such long

473
00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:55,320
and permanent compounds.

474
00:21:57,560 --> 00:21:58,760
In his book,

475
00:21:59,120 --> 00:22:00,320
Neville Sidwick

476
00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:02,440
says this about carbon.

477
00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:08,040
Carbon is unique

478
00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:09,020
among the elements

479
00:22:09,020 --> 00:22:09,820
in the number

480
00:22:09,820 --> 00:22:10,560
and variety

481
00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:11,500
of the compounds

482
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:12,800
which it can form.

483
00:22:14,140 --> 00:22:15,680
Over a quarter of a million

484
00:22:15,680 --> 00:22:17,040
have already been isolated

485
00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:17,860
and described,

486
00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:19,900
but this gives a very

487
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:21,000
imperfect idea

488
00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:21,920
of its powers,

489
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:23,700
since it is the basis

490
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:24,880
of all forms

491
00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:25,940
of living matter.

492
00:22:40,940 --> 00:22:42,640
When carbon combines

493
00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:43,620
with other atoms

494
00:22:43,620 --> 00:22:45,360
to form organic compounds,

495
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:47,420
the bond established

496
00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:48,400
between the atoms

497
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:49,600
is known as

498
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:50,920
a covalent bond.

499
00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:52,320
Covalent bonds

500
00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:53,020
are formed

501
00:22:53,020 --> 00:22:54,100
when two atoms

502
00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:55,900
share the same electrons.

503
00:23:01,340 --> 00:23:02,560
Electrons revolve

504
00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:03,720
in specific orbits

505
00:23:03,720 --> 00:23:05,360
around the atomic nucleus.

506
00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:08,260
There may be

507
00:23:08,260 --> 00:23:09,560
only two electrons

508
00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:10,360
in the orbit

509
00:23:10,360 --> 00:23:11,900
closest to the nucleus.

510
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:16,100
The next orbit

511
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:17,200
may contain eight.

512
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:20,120
and one after that

513
00:23:20,120 --> 00:23:21,500
18 and so on.

514
00:23:23,660 --> 00:23:25,140
The noteworthy point

515
00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:25,960
is that atoms

516
00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:27,160
have a predisposition

517
00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:27,740
to make up

518
00:23:27,740 --> 00:23:29,000
the number of electrons

519
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:30,020
in their orbits.

520
00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:39,480
For example,

521
00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:42,180
oxygen with six electrons

522
00:23:42,180 --> 00:23:43,680
in its second orbit

523
00:23:43,680 --> 00:23:44,540
wants to add

524
00:23:44,540 --> 00:23:45,600
another two electrons

525
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:47,140
and thus complete

526
00:23:47,140 --> 00:23:47,640
and thus complete the orbit

527
00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:49,040
with eight electrons.

528
00:23:54,260 --> 00:23:55,720
No answer can be given

529
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:56,360
to the question

530
00:23:56,360 --> 00:23:57,160
of why atoms

531
00:23:57,160 --> 00:23:58,280
have such a tendency,

532
00:23:58,740 --> 00:23:59,520
but were it not

533
00:23:59,520 --> 00:24:00,800
for that predisposition,

534
00:24:01,320 --> 00:24:02,580
life forms could obviously

535
00:24:02,580 --> 00:24:03,720
never come into being.

536
00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:05,120
Covalent bonds

537
00:24:05,120 --> 00:24:05,680
are formed

538
00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:07,000
thanks to the atoms'

539
00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:08,780
desire to complete

540
00:24:08,780 --> 00:24:09,520
their orbits.

541
00:24:09,940 --> 00:24:11,340
Two different atoms

542
00:24:11,340 --> 00:24:12,700
that want to complete

543
00:24:12,700 --> 00:24:13,420
their orbits

544
00:24:13,420 --> 00:24:14,820
do so by sharing

545
00:24:14,820 --> 00:24:15,740
their electrons.

546
00:24:19,420 --> 00:24:21,360
The two hydrogen atoms

547
00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:23,060
and one oxygen atom

548
00:24:23,060 --> 00:24:24,680
that constitute water,

549
00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:25,820
for instance,

550
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:27,540
build a covalent bond.

551
00:24:32,420 --> 00:24:33,960
The oxygen raises

552
00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:35,040
the number of electrons

553
00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:36,540
in its second orbit

554
00:24:36,540 --> 00:24:37,920
by sharing one electron

555
00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:40,020
with each of the hydrogen atoms.

556
00:24:40,020 --> 00:24:43,100
each of the hydrogen atoms

557
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:44,080
raise the number

558
00:24:44,080 --> 00:24:44,720
of electrons

559
00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:46,300
in its second orbit

560
00:24:46,300 --> 00:24:47,100
to two

561
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:48,000
by using one

562
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:49,640
of the oxygen electrons.

563
00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:54,040
Carbon thus gives rise

564
00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:55,580
to very different substances

565
00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:56,600
by building

566
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:57,980
such covalent bonds.

567
00:25:03,020 --> 00:25:04,180
Methane is one

568
00:25:04,180 --> 00:25:05,040
of these substances.

569
00:25:05,040 --> 00:25:08,260
the formation of methane

570
00:25:08,260 --> 00:25:09,260
comes about

571
00:25:09,260 --> 00:25:11,180
by four hydrogen atoms

572
00:25:11,180 --> 00:25:12,800
building a covalent bond

573
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:14,120
with a carbon atom.

574
00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:21,360
Since the atomic number

575
00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:22,340
of carbon is

576
00:25:22,340 --> 00:25:23,540
two less than that

577
00:25:23,540 --> 00:25:24,180
of oxygen,

578
00:25:24,680 --> 00:25:25,580
the carbon bonds

579
00:25:25,580 --> 00:25:27,660
with four hydrogen atoms

580
00:25:27,660 --> 00:25:28,680
instead of two.

581
00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:36,140
As we said at the beginning,

582
00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:38,120
the bonds built by carbon

583
00:25:38,120 --> 00:25:39,560
constitute a very

584
00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:40,780
wide spectrum.

585
00:25:41,780 --> 00:25:42,140
The bonds

586
00:25:42,140 --> 00:25:42,660
that carbon

587
00:25:42,660 --> 00:25:43,560
establishes

588
00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:44,960
with hydrogen alone

589
00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:45,840
give rise

590
00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:46,820
to the large family

591
00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:48,160
known as hydrocarbons.

592
00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:51,000
This family includes

593
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,140
natural gas,

594
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:53,340
liquid petrol,

595
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:54,920
fuel oil,

596
00:25:55,440 --> 00:25:56,040
kerosene,

597
00:25:56,620 --> 00:25:58,000
and various machine oils.

598
00:25:58,000 --> 00:25:59,800
The hydrocarbons

599
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:00,600
ethylene

600
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:01,440
and propylene

601
00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:02,560
are the basis

602
00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:04,360
of the petrochemical industry.

603
00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:06,140
Other hydrocarbons

604
00:26:06,140 --> 00:26:06,800
give rise

605
00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:07,820
to such compounds

606
00:26:07,820 --> 00:26:08,860
as benzene,

607
00:26:09,620 --> 00:26:10,180
toluene,

608
00:26:10,780 --> 00:26:11,580
and turpentine.

609
00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:12,720
The moth balls

610
00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:13,960
we put in cupboards

611
00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:15,520
to protect our clothes

612
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:16,640
against moths

613
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:17,800
contain another form

614
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:18,540
of hydrocarbon.

615
00:26:19,140 --> 00:26:19,900
Hydrocarbons

616
00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:20,740
that combine

617
00:26:20,740 --> 00:26:21,860
with chlorine

618
00:26:21,860 --> 00:26:22,840
or fluorine

619
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:23,920
produce such

620
00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:24,780
different substances

621
00:26:24,780 --> 00:26:26,100
as anesthetics,

622
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:27,800
fire extinguishers,

623
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:28,900
and the freon

624
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:30,640
used in refrigerators.

625
00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:32,680
The covalent bonds

626
00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:33,780
that carbon builds

627
00:26:33,780 --> 00:26:34,640
with hydrogen

628
00:26:34,640 --> 00:26:35,620
and oxygen

629
00:26:35,620 --> 00:26:36,640
represent another

630
00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:37,560
wide spectrum,

631
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:40,600
including alcohols

632
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:41,520
such as ethanol

633
00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:42,520
and propanol,

634
00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:43,420
as well as

635
00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:44,220
aldehydes,

636
00:26:44,480 --> 00:26:45,060
ketones,

637
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:46,360
and fatty acids.

638
00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:53,680
Two important substances

639
00:26:53,680 --> 00:26:54,900
formed by carbon,

640
00:26:55,420 --> 00:26:55,760
hydrogen,

641
00:26:56,060 --> 00:26:57,260
and oxidant compounds

642
00:26:57,260 --> 00:26:58,240
are the glucose

643
00:26:58,240 --> 00:26:59,240
and fructose

644
00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:00,360
in the foods we eat

645
00:27:00,360 --> 00:27:01,140
that provide us

646
00:27:01,140 --> 00:27:01,780
with energy.

647
00:27:05,780 --> 00:27:06,460
Cellulose,

648
00:27:06,580 --> 00:27:07,380
the constituent

649
00:27:07,380 --> 00:27:08,420
of the hard part

650
00:27:08,420 --> 00:27:09,100
of trees

651
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:10,120
that represents

652
00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:11,140
the raw material

653
00:27:11,140 --> 00:27:11,900
for paper,

654
00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:12,840
beeswax,

655
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:13,520
vinegar,

656
00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:15,120
and formic acid

657
00:27:15,120 --> 00:27:16,160
again form

658
00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:17,000
as the result

659
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,120
of the covalent bonds

660
00:27:18,120 --> 00:27:19,480
that carbon constructs

661
00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:20,360
with hydrogen

662
00:27:20,360 --> 00:27:21,260
and oxygen.

663
00:27:23,020 --> 00:27:24,760
When carbon builds bonds

664
00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:25,480
with hydrogen,

665
00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:26,180
oxygen,

666
00:27:26,580 --> 00:27:27,820
and nitrogen atoms,

667
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:29,260
very important compounds

668
00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:30,300
once again result.

669
00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:32,800
The most important

670
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:34,500
of these are amino acids,

671
00:27:34,940 --> 00:27:36,200
which form proteins,

672
00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:37,820
our body's building blocks.

673
00:27:37,820 --> 00:27:40,540
The nucleotides

674
00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:41,480
that make up DNA

675
00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:43,100
are also molecules

676
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:44,200
made up of carbon,

677
00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:45,300
hydrogen,

678
00:27:45,700 --> 00:27:46,100
oxygen,

679
00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:47,680
and nitrogen.

680
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:53,160
In short,

681
00:27:53,420 --> 00:27:54,580
the covalent bonds

682
00:27:54,580 --> 00:27:56,360
constructed by the carbon atom

683
00:27:56,360 --> 00:27:57,840
are among the most

684
00:27:57,840 --> 00:27:59,140
essential preconditions

685
00:27:59,140 --> 00:28:00,500
necessary for life.

686
00:28:01,460 --> 00:28:02,620
If carbon were unable

687
00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:04,180
to build covalent bonds

688
00:28:04,180 --> 00:28:05,180
with oxygen,

689
00:28:05,420 --> 00:28:05,820
nitrogen,

690
00:28:06,220 --> 00:28:06,840
and hydrogen,

691
00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:08,940
then life could not exist.

692
00:28:10,540 --> 00:28:11,680
What enables carbon

693
00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:13,440
to form these bonds

694
00:28:13,440 --> 00:28:15,300
stems from a characteristic

695
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:16,640
chemist preferred to

696
00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:18,360
as metastability.

697
00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:20,740
The well-known biochemist

698
00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:22,480
John Burden Sanderson

699
00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:23,160
Haldane

700
00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:24,580
describes this feature

701
00:28:24,580 --> 00:28:25,300
as follows.

702
00:28:28,300 --> 00:28:30,060
A metastable molecule

703
00:28:30,060 --> 00:28:31,700
means one that can liberate

704
00:28:31,700 --> 00:28:32,500
free energy

705
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:33,760
by a transformation,

706
00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:35,460
but is stable enough

707
00:28:35,460 --> 00:28:36,800
to last a long time

708
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:38,140
unless it is activated

709
00:28:38,140 --> 00:28:38,860
by heat,

710
00:28:39,460 --> 00:28:40,040
radiation,

711
00:28:40,500 --> 00:28:41,760
or union with the catalyst.

712
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:43,260
The carbon atom

713
00:28:43,260 --> 00:28:47,920
has a very unique structure

714
00:28:47,920 --> 00:28:54,800
thanks to which carbon

715
00:28:54,800 --> 00:28:56,440
is easily able to form

716
00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:57,480
covalent bonds

717
00:28:57,480 --> 00:28:59,060
under normal conditions.

718
00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:02,520
However,

719
00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:05,260
there is one very interesting point here.

720
00:29:06,140 --> 00:29:07,380
Carbon's metastability,

721
00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:09,140
which is essential for life,

722
00:29:09,520 --> 00:29:12,020
only applies within a very narrow

723
00:29:12,020 --> 00:29:13,020
temperature range.

724
00:29:13,020 --> 00:29:15,920
above 100 degrees Celsius,

725
00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:17,500
carbon compounds

726
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:19,200
become highly unstable.

727
00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:22,300
We all observe this

728
00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:23,440
in our daily lives.

729
00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:25,160
An example of this

730
00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:26,240
is when we cook

731
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:27,020
a piece of meat.

732
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:28,160
Cooking it

733
00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:29,240
is actually changing

734
00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:29,820
the structure

735
00:29:29,820 --> 00:29:31,260
of the carbon compounds.

736
00:29:31,260 --> 00:29:32,780
One important point

737
00:29:32,780 --> 00:29:33,980
needs to be emphasized.

738
00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:36,140
The meat that is being cooked

739
00:29:36,140 --> 00:29:36,900
now becomes

740
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:38,320
entirely dead.

741
00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:39,440
In other words,

742
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:40,120
it assumes

743
00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:41,560
a completely different structure

744
00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:43,320
to that in a living organism.

745
00:29:44,940 --> 00:29:46,580
Most carbon compounds

746
00:29:46,580 --> 00:29:47,700
decay at above

747
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:49,740
100 degrees Celsius.

748
00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:55,020
Many vitamins break down

749
00:29:55,020 --> 00:29:55,660
at once.

750
00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:57,320
Sugars undergo

751
00:29:57,320 --> 00:29:58,660
structural change

752
00:29:58,660 --> 00:29:59,720
in the same way

753
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:01,660
and lose their nutritional value.

754
00:30:02,940 --> 00:30:04,480
At a slightly higher temperature,

755
00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:06,760
150 degrees Celsius,

756
00:30:07,460 --> 00:30:08,120
for instance,

757
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:09,180
carbon compounds

758
00:30:09,180 --> 00:30:10,020
start to burn.

759
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:14,140
In other words,

760
00:30:14,420 --> 00:30:15,120
the upper limit

761
00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:16,240
of the temperature range

762
00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:17,560
for carbon compounds

763
00:30:17,560 --> 00:30:19,240
to establish covalent bonds

764
00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:20,800
and maintain these

765
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:21,740
in a stable manner

766
00:30:21,740 --> 00:30:22,840
does not exceed

767
00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:24,220
100 degrees Celsius.

768
00:30:25,220 --> 00:30:25,960
At a temperature

769
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:27,840
lower than 0 degrees Celsius,

770
00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:28,760
however,

771
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:30,460
organic biochemistry

772
00:30:30,460 --> 00:30:31,780
becomes impossible,

773
00:30:32,580 --> 00:30:33,620
yet other compounds

774
00:30:33,620 --> 00:30:34,380
are different.

775
00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:38,340
Most inorganic substances

776
00:30:38,340 --> 00:30:39,480
are not affected

777
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:40,320
in this way

778
00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:41,620
by temperature changes.

779
00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:43,800
In order to see this,

780
00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:44,620
you can place

781
00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:45,200
some metal,

782
00:30:45,740 --> 00:30:46,180
glass,

783
00:30:46,660 --> 00:30:47,320
or stone

784
00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:48,500
in a frying pan

785
00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:50,360
next to a piece of meat

786
00:30:50,360 --> 00:30:51,680
and then heat them up.

787
00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:56,840
You'll see that

788
00:30:56,840 --> 00:30:58,100
as the temperature rises,

789
00:30:58,780 --> 00:30:59,200
the structure

790
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:00,280
of the meat changes,

791
00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:01,680
it darkens,

792
00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:03,020
and eventually burns.

793
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:04,860
Yet nothing happens

794
00:31:04,860 --> 00:31:05,580
to the metal,

795
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:06,360
glass,

796
00:31:06,540 --> 00:31:07,060
or stone,

797
00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:08,600
not even if you

798
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:09,260
raise the temperature

799
00:31:09,260 --> 00:31:10,780
by hundreds of degrees.

800
00:31:13,780 --> 00:31:14,940
Close inspection

801
00:31:14,940 --> 00:31:16,360
shows that the temperature

802
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:17,980
needed by carbon compounds

803
00:31:17,980 --> 00:31:19,520
in order to build

804
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:20,320
and maintain

805
00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:21,440
covalent bonds

806
00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:22,900
is exactly the range

807
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:24,140
that exists on Earth.

808
00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:35,860
Yet as we have already said,

809
00:31:36,140 --> 00:31:36,620
the temperature

810
00:31:36,620 --> 00:31:37,560
in the universe

811
00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:38,460
as a whole

812
00:31:38,460 --> 00:31:40,060
vary from the fierce heat

813
00:31:40,060 --> 00:31:41,320
of millions of degrees

814
00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:42,740
inside the hottest stars

815
00:31:42,740 --> 00:31:44,420
to absolutely zero

816
00:31:44,420 --> 00:31:47,540
or minus 273 degrees.

817
00:31:52,980 --> 00:31:54,020
Yet the Earth

818
00:31:54,020 --> 00:31:55,440
created for human beings

819
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:56,740
possesses just

820
00:31:56,740 --> 00:31:57,860
the temperature range

821
00:31:57,860 --> 00:31:59,660
required by carbon compounds,

822
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:00,940
the building blocks

823
00:32:00,940 --> 00:32:01,640
of life.

824
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:05,160
One more striking aspect

825
00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:06,040
of all this

826
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:07,340
is that the temperature range

827
00:32:07,340 --> 00:32:08,320
is also one

828
00:32:08,320 --> 00:32:09,560
which water assumes

829
00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:10,680
a liquid form.

830
00:32:12,740 --> 00:32:14,540
As we saw earlier,

831
00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:15,260
water,

832
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:16,660
one of the essential

833
00:32:16,660 --> 00:32:17,880
preconditions for life,

834
00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:19,300
needs exactly

835
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:20,560
the same temperature range

836
00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:21,960
as carbon compounds.

837
00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:26,880
Yet there is no natural law

838
00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:27,360
that makes

839
00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:28,940
such a harmony necessary.

840
00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:30,900
This is an indication

841
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:32,120
that the properties

842
00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:32,740
of water,

843
00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:33,660
carbon,

844
00:32:34,180 --> 00:32:34,760
and the Earth

845
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:35,440
were created

846
00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:36,340
to be compatible

847
00:32:36,340 --> 00:32:37,160
with one another.

848
00:32:38,120 --> 00:32:39,120
The flawless nature

849
00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:40,320
of Allah's creation

850
00:32:40,320 --> 00:32:41,700
is revealed in the Quran.

851
00:32:42,740 --> 00:32:49,580
He who created

852
00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:50,560
the seven heavens

853
00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:51,220
and layers,

854
00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:52,680
you will not find

855
00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:53,440
any flaw

856
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:54,240
in the creation

857
00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:55,440
of the all-merciful.

858
00:32:56,740 --> 00:32:57,400
Look again.

859
00:32:58,100 --> 00:32:59,340
Do you see any gaps?

860
00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:00,960
Then look again

861
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:01,600
and again.

862
00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:03,280
Your sight will return

863
00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:04,140
to you dazzled

864
00:33:04,140 --> 00:33:04,980
and exhausted.

865
00:33:04,980 --> 00:33:18,200
Covalent bonds

866
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:19,400
are not the only bonds

867
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:20,320
that keep the atoms

868
00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:21,440
in the living body

869
00:33:21,440 --> 00:33:21,900
together.

870
00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:24,440
There is a second

871
00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:25,780
class of bonds.

872
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:26,720
These bonds

873
00:33:26,720 --> 00:33:27,880
of different kinds

874
00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:28,740
are collectively

875
00:33:28,740 --> 00:33:29,840
known as

876
00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:30,980
weak bonds.

877
00:33:31,780 --> 00:33:32,380
Proteins,

878
00:33:32,380 --> 00:33:33,840
basic building blocks

879
00:33:33,840 --> 00:33:35,080
owe their complex

880
00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:36,440
three-dimensional shapes

881
00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:37,340
to weak bonds.

882
00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:39,680
In order to clarify this,

883
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:41,140
we now need to touch

884
00:33:41,140 --> 00:33:41,840
on the structure

885
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:42,520
of proteins.

886
00:33:43,180 --> 00:33:44,240
Proteins are generally

887
00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:45,420
referred to as

888
00:33:45,420 --> 00:33:46,940
amino acid chains.

889
00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:48,660
This is an accurate

890
00:33:48,660 --> 00:33:49,320
definition,

891
00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:51,080
though an inadequate

892
00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:52,400
one because the term

893
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:53,920
amino acid chain

894
00:33:53,920 --> 00:33:54,900
calls to mind

895
00:33:54,900 --> 00:33:55,760
a two-dimensional

896
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:56,440
series,

897
00:33:56,960 --> 00:33:57,720
like pearls

898
00:33:57,720 --> 00:33:58,740
strung out one

899
00:33:58,740 --> 00:33:59,960
after the other

900
00:33:59,960 --> 00:34:00,700
on a necklace.

901
00:34:01,460 --> 00:34:01,800
However,

902
00:34:01,920 --> 00:34:02,700
the amino acids

903
00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:04,060
that constitute proteins

904
00:34:04,060 --> 00:34:05,100
have a three-dimensional

905
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:05,600
shape,

906
00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:06,640
like the leaves

907
00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:07,620
on different branches

908
00:34:07,620 --> 00:34:08,180
of a tree.

909
00:34:09,060 --> 00:34:09,860
Covalent bonds

910
00:34:09,860 --> 00:34:10,860
keep the atoms

911
00:34:10,860 --> 00:34:11,600
that comprise

912
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:12,620
amino acids

913
00:34:12,620 --> 00:34:13,280
together.

914
00:34:14,340 --> 00:34:15,000
Weak bonds,

915
00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:16,060
on the other hand,

916
00:34:16,440 --> 00:34:17,700
combine amino acids

917
00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:18,140
together

918
00:34:18,140 --> 00:34:19,340
in the requisite

919
00:34:19,340 --> 00:34:20,820
three-dimensional form.

920
00:34:21,940 --> 00:34:22,460
Were it not

921
00:34:22,460 --> 00:34:23,560
for the weak bonds,

922
00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:24,920
proteins could not

923
00:34:24,920 --> 00:34:25,460
exist,

924
00:34:26,420 --> 00:34:27,060
and there could be

925
00:34:27,060 --> 00:34:27,720
no life

926
00:34:27,720 --> 00:34:28,420
in the absence

927
00:34:28,420 --> 00:34:29,080
of proteins?

928
00:34:32,240 --> 00:34:33,380
The noteworthy

929
00:34:33,380 --> 00:34:34,220
aspect of this

930
00:34:34,220 --> 00:34:34,700
is that the

931
00:34:34,700 --> 00:34:35,340
temperature range

932
00:34:35,340 --> 00:34:36,560
required by weak bonds

933
00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:37,040
is,

934
00:34:37,540 --> 00:34:38,720
as with covalent bonds,

935
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:40,060
exactly the temperature

936
00:34:40,060 --> 00:34:41,080
range that exists

937
00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:41,700
on Earth.

938
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:44,900
Yet weak bonds

939
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:46,020
and covalent bonds

940
00:34:46,020 --> 00:34:46,740
have completely

941
00:34:46,740 --> 00:34:47,680
different structures,

942
00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:51,260
and there is

943
00:34:51,260 --> 00:34:52,140
no natural reason

944
00:34:52,140 --> 00:34:52,800
why they should

945
00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:53,480
both require

946
00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:54,320
the same temperature.

947
00:34:56,560 --> 00:34:57,120
Nonetheless,

948
00:34:57,400 --> 00:34:58,460
both classes of bonds

949
00:34:58,460 --> 00:34:59,220
are established

950
00:34:59,220 --> 00:35:00,420
at the same temperature.

951
00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:03,400
If covalent bonds

952
00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:03,960
were stable

953
00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:05,040
at a different temperature

954
00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:06,180
than weak bonds,

955
00:35:06,700 --> 00:35:07,700
then protein building

956
00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:08,940
would be impossible.

957
00:35:09,620 --> 00:35:10,700
All of this information

958
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:11,360
about the

959
00:35:11,360 --> 00:35:12,720
extraordinary properties

960
00:35:12,720 --> 00:35:14,080
of the carbon atom

961
00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:15,200
shows that there is

962
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:16,380
enormous harmony

963
00:35:16,380 --> 00:35:17,540
between this atom

964
00:35:17,540 --> 00:35:18,780
and other atoms

965
00:35:18,780 --> 00:35:19,880
and compounds

966
00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:20,500
that are the

967
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:21,540
essential building blocks

968
00:35:21,540 --> 00:35:22,080
of life,

969
00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:22,800
such as water.

970
00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:24,300
There is also harmony

971
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:25,200
between the stability

972
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:26,040
of this atom

973
00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:27,000
to form bonds

974
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:27,900
and the temperature

975
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:28,660
of our planet.

976
00:35:29,220 --> 00:35:30,160
Our planet provides

977
00:35:30,160 --> 00:35:30,900
a home

978
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:32,280
for all these elements

979
00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:33,600
and compounds.

980
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:35,420
Michael Denton

981
00:35:35,420 --> 00:35:37,020
emphasizes this fact

982
00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:37,760
in his book

983
00:35:37,760 --> 00:35:39,500
nature's destiny.

984
00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:43,520
Out of the enormous

985
00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:44,620
range of temperatures

986
00:35:44,620 --> 00:35:45,780
in the cosmos,

987
00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:47,160
there is only one

988
00:35:47,160 --> 00:35:48,420
tiny temperature band

989
00:35:48,420 --> 00:35:49,660
in which we have

990
00:35:49,660 --> 00:35:50,100
one,

991
00:35:50,620 --> 00:35:51,540
liquid water,

992
00:35:52,240 --> 00:35:52,520
two,

993
00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:54,020
a great plentitude

994
00:35:54,020 --> 00:35:55,060
of metastable

995
00:35:55,060 --> 00:35:56,080
organic compounds,

996
00:35:56,680 --> 00:35:57,620
and three,

997
00:35:58,280 --> 00:35:58,900
weak bonds

998
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:00,100
for stabilizing

999
00:36:00,100 --> 00:36:01,520
the 3D forms

1000
00:36:01,520 --> 00:36:02,960
of complex molecules.

1001
00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:07,780
As we have already

1002
00:36:07,780 --> 00:36:08,280
seen,

1003
00:36:08,560 --> 00:36:09,460
this narrow temperature

1004
00:36:09,460 --> 00:36:10,540
range exists

1005
00:36:10,540 --> 00:36:11,920
solely on Earth

1006
00:36:11,920 --> 00:36:13,280
among all the known

1007
00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:14,160
heavenly bodies.

1008
00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:16,260
What is more,

1009
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:17,760
carbon and water,

1010
00:36:17,940 --> 00:36:18,640
two of the main

1011
00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:19,380
building blocks

1012
00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:20,020
of life,

1013
00:36:20,280 --> 00:36:21,320
are found in large

1014
00:36:21,320 --> 00:36:22,680
amounts on the Earth.

1015
00:36:24,540 --> 00:36:26,180
All this goes to show

1016
00:36:26,180 --> 00:36:27,300
that the carbon atom

1017
00:36:27,300 --> 00:36:28,860
and its extraordinary

1018
00:36:28,860 --> 00:36:30,100
properties were

1019
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:31,400
specially created for life

1020
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:32,740
and that the planet Earth

1021
00:36:32,740 --> 00:36:33,860
was specially created

1022
00:36:33,860 --> 00:36:35,200
for carbon-based life.

1023
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:03,200
What does a glittering diamond

1024
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:04,120
have in common

1025
00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:05,100
with a drill bit?

1026
00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:09,540
An uncut raw diamond

1027
00:37:09,540 --> 00:37:10,240
is the hardest

1028
00:37:10,240 --> 00:37:11,420
of all minerals

1029
00:37:11,420 --> 00:37:12,660
and all substances.

1030
00:37:15,860 --> 00:37:17,160
For that reason,

1031
00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:18,220
crystal diamond

1032
00:37:18,220 --> 00:37:19,300
is used to cut

1033
00:37:19,300 --> 00:37:20,080
pierce

1034
00:37:20,080 --> 00:37:21,480
and plain substances

1035
00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:22,460
of all kinds.

1036
00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:27,280
Hardness is the resistance

1037
00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:28,800
that minerals display

1038
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:29,920
to scratching

1039
00:37:29,920 --> 00:37:31,780
due to external forces.

1040
00:37:33,620 --> 00:37:34,840
Minerals can easily

1041
00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:35,520
be defined

1042
00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:36,780
according to their hardness.

1043
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:40,000
A mineral's relative

1044
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,520
hardness can be determined

1045
00:37:41,520 --> 00:37:42,440
by scratching it

1046
00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:43,200
with another.

1047
00:37:44,860 --> 00:37:45,380
Scientists

1048
00:37:45,380 --> 00:37:46,660
who established

1049
00:37:46,660 --> 00:37:47,840
a scoring system

1050
00:37:47,840 --> 00:37:49,140
in order to determine

1051
00:37:49,140 --> 00:37:49,700
the hardness

1052
00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:50,960
of all minerals

1053
00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:52,500
awarded the diamond

1054
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:54,280
10 points out of 10.

1055
00:37:55,140 --> 00:37:56,000
So what is it

1056
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:56,860
that makes the diamond

1057
00:37:56,860 --> 00:37:57,480
so hard?

1058
00:37:57,480 --> 00:38:01,860
It is noteworthy

1059
00:38:01,860 --> 00:38:02,660
that the brittle

1060
00:38:02,660 --> 00:38:04,120
and soft graphite

1061
00:38:04,120 --> 00:38:05,520
used in lead pencils

1062
00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:07,360
consists of the same

1063
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:08,500
atoms as diamond.

1064
00:38:12,540 --> 00:38:13,600
Like diamond,

1065
00:38:14,420 --> 00:38:15,400
graphite is made up

1066
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:16,560
of carbon atoms.

1067
00:38:21,720 --> 00:38:23,500
Yet one is very soft

1068
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:24,140
and the other

1069
00:38:24,140 --> 00:38:25,440
exceptionally hard.

1070
00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:29,480
one is like a piece

1071
00:38:29,480 --> 00:38:30,360
of black coal

1072
00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:31,600
whereas the other

1073
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:32,120
can have

1074
00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:33,400
a glittering surface.

1075
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:36,320
One is present

1076
00:38:36,320 --> 00:38:37,600
in abundant quantities

1077
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:38,200
in nature

1078
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:39,140
where the other

1079
00:38:39,140 --> 00:38:39,920
is a rarity.

1080
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:43,640
For all these reasons,

1081
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:45,040
diamond is of course

1082
00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:46,680
incomparably more valuable

1083
00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:47,620
than graphite.

1084
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:49,760
So how is it

1085
00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:50,860
that the carbon atom

1086
00:38:50,860 --> 00:38:52,380
is able to assume

1087
00:38:52,380 --> 00:38:53,380
both of these

1088
00:38:53,380 --> 00:38:54,880
totally different forms?

1089
00:38:57,420 --> 00:38:58,640
The crystal structure

1090
00:38:58,640 --> 00:38:59,340
of the diamond

1091
00:38:59,340 --> 00:39:01,460
is the most perfect example

1092
00:39:01,460 --> 00:39:03,200
in the whole crystal world.

1093
00:39:06,760 --> 00:39:08,120
The carbon atoms

1094
00:39:08,120 --> 00:39:09,240
in the diamond crystal

1095
00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:10,480
have the ideal

1096
00:39:10,480 --> 00:39:11,840
geometrical form

1097
00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:13,100
to endow the diamond

1098
00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:14,460
with its great hardness.

1099
00:39:14,460 --> 00:39:24,960
Although graphite

1100
00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:25,800
also consists

1101
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:26,520
of carbon,

1102
00:39:27,320 --> 00:39:27,940
its atoms

1103
00:39:27,940 --> 00:39:28,860
are not laid out

1104
00:39:28,860 --> 00:39:29,620
in the same way

1105
00:39:29,620 --> 00:39:30,580
as in the diamond.

1106
00:39:31,460 --> 00:39:32,600
This state of affairs

1107
00:39:32,600 --> 00:39:33,840
is known to scientists

1108
00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:34,500
as

1109
00:39:34,500 --> 00:39:35,380
allotropy.

1110
00:39:35,380 --> 00:39:44,260
allotropy is the existence

1111
00:39:44,260 --> 00:39:46,060
of different physical forms

1112
00:39:46,060 --> 00:39:47,520
of a chemical element

1113
00:39:47,520 --> 00:39:48,820
by its atoms

1114
00:39:48,820 --> 00:39:49,740
being arranged

1115
00:39:49,740 --> 00:39:50,920
in different ways.

1116
00:39:51,740 --> 00:39:52,260
Each of these

1117
00:39:52,260 --> 00:39:53,160
different forms

1118
00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:54,120
is known

1119
00:39:54,120 --> 00:39:55,140
as an allotrope.

1120
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:56,220
For example,

1121
00:39:57,020 --> 00:39:58,120
oxygen and ozone

1122
00:39:58,120 --> 00:39:59,300
are allotropes

1123
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:00,680
of the oxygen atom.

1124
00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:01,640
Diamond,

1125
00:40:02,280 --> 00:40:02,820
graphite,

1126
00:40:02,820 --> 00:40:04,680
and amorphous carbon

1127
00:40:04,680 --> 00:40:06,100
are all allotropes

1128
00:40:06,100 --> 00:40:06,720
of carbon.

1129
00:40:07,620 --> 00:40:08,840
Some of the physical features

1130
00:40:08,840 --> 00:40:09,400
of diamond

1131
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:10,400
and graphite

1132
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:11,580
are as follows.

1133
00:40:11,580 --> 00:40:23,500
as we can see,

1134
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:24,980
there are enormous differences

1135
00:40:24,980 --> 00:40:26,580
between these two substances

1136
00:40:26,580 --> 00:40:27,940
based solely

1137
00:40:27,940 --> 00:40:28,860
upon the difference

1138
00:40:28,860 --> 00:40:29,640
in the arrangement

1139
00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:30,560
of their atoms.

1140
00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:33,180
All of the properties

1141
00:40:33,180 --> 00:40:34,180
that make the diamond

1142
00:40:34,180 --> 00:40:34,780
valuable

1143
00:40:34,780 --> 00:40:36,160
depend on conditions

1144
00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:36,740
emerging

1145
00:40:36,740 --> 00:40:38,000
during its formation.

1146
00:40:38,860 --> 00:40:40,260
The extraordinary conditions

1147
00:40:40,260 --> 00:40:41,720
necessary for the diamond

1148
00:40:41,720 --> 00:40:42,340
to form

1149
00:40:42,340 --> 00:40:43,720
are extreme heat

1150
00:40:43,720 --> 00:40:44,880
and extreme pressure.

1151
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:46,420
The diamond

1152
00:40:46,420 --> 00:40:47,120
is born

1153
00:40:47,120 --> 00:40:47,840
in the depths

1154
00:40:47,840 --> 00:40:48,980
of the Earth's crust.

1155
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:50,500
Parts of this

1156
00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:51,040
that contain

1157
00:40:51,040 --> 00:40:51,820
melted diamond

1158
00:40:51,820 --> 00:40:52,760
may erupt

1159
00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:53,720
onto the surface

1160
00:40:53,720 --> 00:40:54,500
and freeze,

1161
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:55,620
although this

1162
00:40:55,620 --> 00:40:57,340
is a very rare phenomenon.

1163
00:40:57,860 --> 00:40:58,460
That explains

1164
00:40:58,460 --> 00:40:59,180
why the number

1165
00:40:59,180 --> 00:41:00,260
of diamond seams

1166
00:41:00,260 --> 00:41:01,060
on Earth

1167
00:41:01,060 --> 00:41:02,180
is very low,

1168
00:41:02,560 --> 00:41:03,240
there being only

1169
00:41:03,240 --> 00:41:04,660
a few rich deposits.

1170
00:41:05,780 --> 00:41:06,460
The structure

1171
00:41:06,460 --> 00:41:07,640
of natural diamond

1172
00:41:07,640 --> 00:41:08,760
and the way it forms

1173
00:41:08,760 --> 00:41:09,280
have served

1174
00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:09,900
as a guide

1175
00:41:09,900 --> 00:41:10,760
for scientists,

1176
00:41:11,360 --> 00:41:11,920
thanks to which

1177
00:41:11,920 --> 00:41:12,800
artificial diamonds

1178
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:14,060
can now be manufactured.

1179
00:41:15,240 --> 00:41:16,800
In some experiments,

1180
00:41:17,260 --> 00:41:17,900
graphite kept

1181
00:41:17,900 --> 00:41:18,500
at a pressure

1182
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:20,500
of 100,000 atmospheres

1183
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:21,780
and at a temperature

1184
00:41:21,780 --> 00:41:23,560
of 3,000 degrees Celsius

1185
00:41:23,560 --> 00:41:24,940
was converted

1186
00:41:24,940 --> 00:41:25,720
into diamond.

1187
00:41:26,460 --> 00:41:26,800
However,

1188
00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:27,840
synthetic diamonds

1189
00:41:27,840 --> 00:41:29,120
are not as valuable

1190
00:41:29,120 --> 00:41:30,280
as natural ones.

1191
00:41:31,320 --> 00:41:32,340
Because of their

1192
00:41:32,340 --> 00:41:33,480
hard structures,

1193
00:41:33,980 --> 00:41:35,160
such artificial diamonds

1194
00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:35,820
are used

1195
00:41:35,820 --> 00:41:36,580
as a kind of

1196
00:41:36,580 --> 00:41:37,360
abrasive

1197
00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:38,220
in industry.

1198
00:41:46,680 --> 00:41:47,680
As Sidgwick,

1199
00:41:47,740 --> 00:41:48,180
the chemist,

1200
00:41:48,320 --> 00:41:48,860
has said,

1201
00:41:49,240 --> 00:41:50,160
the carbon atom,

1202
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:51,080
which contains

1203
00:41:51,080 --> 00:41:52,680
only six protons,

1204
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:54,120
six neutrons,

1205
00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:55,800
and six electrons,

1206
00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:57,200
is a fully-fledged

1207
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:57,880
miracle.

1208
00:41:58,540 --> 00:41:59,200
The difference

1209
00:41:59,200 --> 00:41:59,640
in the way

1210
00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:00,180
the atoms

1211
00:42:00,180 --> 00:42:01,060
are arranged

1212
00:42:01,060 --> 00:42:02,340
gives birth

1213
00:42:02,340 --> 00:42:02,800
to such

1214
00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:03,880
different outcomes.

1215
00:42:04,520 --> 00:42:04,780
The way

1216
00:42:04,780 --> 00:42:05,680
that these outcomes

1217
00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:06,680
are so beneficial

1218
00:42:06,680 --> 00:42:07,240
for man

1219
00:42:07,240 --> 00:42:07,980
is sufficient

1220
00:42:07,980 --> 00:42:09,040
for us to see

1221
00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:09,960
that all these

1222
00:42:09,960 --> 00:42:10,580
are a blessing

1223
00:42:10,580 --> 00:42:11,260
from Allah.

1224
00:42:11,940 --> 00:42:12,360
Therefore,

1225
00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:13,800
it is impossible

1226
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:15,120
for any of the properties

1227
00:42:15,120 --> 00:42:16,360
of the carbon atom,

1228
00:42:16,580 --> 00:42:18,040
which are so essential

1229
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:18,620
for life,

1230
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:19,640
to have come about

1231
00:42:19,640 --> 00:42:20,620
by coincidence.

1232
00:42:21,620 --> 00:42:22,300
Allah created

1233
00:42:22,300 --> 00:42:23,300
the carbon atom

1234
00:42:23,300 --> 00:42:24,500
with all of its

1235
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:25,820
different characteristics,

1236
00:42:25,820 --> 00:42:26,920
just as

1237
00:42:26,920 --> 00:42:27,280
he did

1238
00:42:27,280 --> 00:42:28,360
everything else.

1239
00:42:33,640 --> 00:42:34,580
What is

1240
00:42:34,580 --> 00:42:35,360
in the heavens

1241
00:42:35,360 --> 00:42:36,720
and in the earth

1242
00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:37,760
belongs to Allah.

1243
00:42:38,660 --> 00:42:39,800
Allah encompasses

1244
00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:41,000
all things.

1245
00:42:41,460 --> 00:42:42,260
Yes,

1246
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:42,840
yes.

1247
00:42:46,280 --> 00:42:48,340
Yes.

1248
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:50,600
Yes.

1249
00:42:50,980 --> 00:42:51,720
Yes,

1250
00:42:51,720 --> 00:42:52,000
yes.

1251
00:42:56,320 --> 00:42:57,280
Yes,

1252
00:42:57,960 --> 00:42:58,920
yes.

1253
00:42:58,920 --> 00:43:00,380
Yes,

1254
00:43:00,380 --> 00:43:01,000
yes.

1255
00:43:01,020 --> 00:43:01,060
Yes,

1256
00:43:01,220 --> 00:43:03,140
yes.

1257
00:43:07,160 --> 00:43:07,340
Yes.