WEBVTT

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All the physical laws in the universe are delicately balanced and specifically measured

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for the existence and support of life.

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The general structure of the universe, the place of our earth in that universe, our planets,

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physical features such as air, light and water all possess properties that are essential

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to our survival.

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When we inspect and study at the molecular level, the special creation of the microcosmic

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world reveals a clear and an even more unique order.

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At the molecular level, or smaller, such as the atomic level, which is too small to

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be seen with the naked eye, everything is flawless.

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The elements that make up our hands, eyes, hair and lungs, or all of the living things

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such as plants, animals, trees and birds that provide food for us are all specially created

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building blocks.

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In his work, The Universe, Plan or Accident, the physicist Robert Clarke describes how

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the building blocks of life were brought into being with a very special and a very superior

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creation.

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As if the creator has given us a kit of prefabricated parts ready made for the work in hand.

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One of these special components referred to by Clarke is the element called carbon.

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In many respects, carbon has different properties compared to other elements.

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These differences make it essential to life.

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Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table.

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Its most important characteristic is that it constitutes the basis of many things on Earth,

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from our car tires to our computers, from the natural gas we use to cellulose, from the

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meat we eat to the DNA in our cells.

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The film you are about to watch provides information about the structure of carbon and allows you to

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witness a great proof of creation.

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The element carbon, the basis of all life, is only produced as the result of very special

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and miraculous reactions in the centers of giant stars.

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If these miraculous reactions did not take place, there would be no such element as carbon

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in the universe today, and thus no such concept as life.

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We describe these reactions as miraculous because they only take place in conditions that are

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impossible under normal circumstances when they combine together.

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Let us now examine this phenomenon.

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The carbon atom comes into being as a result of a two-stage process in the nuclei of giant stars.

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Two helium atoms first combine together, resulting in an intermediate element with four protons

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and four neutrons.

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This intermediate element is known as beryllium.

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When a third helium atom is added to beryllium, the result is a carbon atom with six protons

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and six neutrons.

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The beryllium that emerges in the first stage has a different structure to the beryllium found

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on Earth.

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The ordinary beryllium in the periodic table has an extra neutron.

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The beryllium that forms inside red giant stars, on the other hand, is a different version.

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Chemists call this an isotope.

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Physicists have long been amazed because this beryllium that forms in red giants is abnormally unstable.

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It is so unstable that it disintegrates in as little as one quadrillionth of a second after it is formed.

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So how is it that this beryllium isotope that vanishes the moment it forms turns into carbon?

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Does the helium atom that will convert the beryllium isotope into carbon approach and bond to it by chance?

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Such a thing is, of course, impossible.

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It is just as or even more impossible as a third brick being added on top of two other bricks

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that have come to be standing on top of one another by chance

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in as little as a trillionth of a second

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before the first two bricks collapse

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and in such a way a sound piece of construction emerges.

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The famous scientist Paul Davies describes this miraculous phenomenon in these words.

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Carbon nuclei are made by a rather delicate process involving the simultaneous encounter

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of three helium nuclei inside the cores of large stars.

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Because of the rarity of triple nuclear encounters,

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the reaction can proceed at a significant rate

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only at certain well-defined energies called resonances

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where the reaction rate is greatly amplified by quantum effects.

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One of these resonances is positioned just right

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to correspond to the sort of energies that helium nuclei have inside large stars.

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A process known as double resonance takes place in red giants.

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When two helium atoms resonate in union,

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another resonance causes a third helium atom to join the beryllium atom

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that emerged in as little as one quadrillionth of a second

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and thus give rise to carbon.

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This is a phenomenon that cannot possibly take place under normal conditions.

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George Greenstein describes why this double resonance

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is such an extraordinary mechanism.

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There are three quite separate structures in this story.

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Helium, beryllium and carbon

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and two quite separate resonances.

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It is hard to see why these nuclei should work together so smoothly.

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It is like discovering deep and complex resonances

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between a car, a bicycle and a truck.

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Why should such a disparate structure mesh together so perfectly?

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Upon this, our existence

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Greenstein compares the formation of carbon in the nuclei of giant stars

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to a phenomenon that could not possibly occur spontaneously,

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but is reluctant to unequivocally describe this as a miracle of creation

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due to his belief in materialist dogma.

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It subsequently emerged that certain other elements such as oxygen

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also form by way of such extraordinary resonances.

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Fred Hoyle, who first discovered these extraordinary processes,

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concluded in his book,

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Galaxies, Nuclei and Quasars,

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that this process was far too planned

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to have come about by coincidence.

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And despite being a committed materialist,

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he admitted that the double resonance

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he discovered was a regulated matter.

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In another article, he stated the following.

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If you want to produce carbon and oxygen

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in roughly equal quantities by stellar nucleosynthesis,

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these are the two levels you would have to fix,

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and your fixing would have to be

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just about where these levels are actually found to be.

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A common sense interpretation of the fact suggests

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that a super-intellect has intervened in physics

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as well as chemistry and biology,

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and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature.

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The numbers one calculates from the facts

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seem to be so overwhelming

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as to put this conclusion almost beyond a question.

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So influenced was Hoyle by this miraculous phenomenon

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that he stressed how other scientists

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could not ignore this obvious truth.

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I do not believe that any scientist

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who examined the evidence

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would fail to draw the inference

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that the laws of nuclear physics

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have been deliberately designed

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with regard to the consequences

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they produce inside the stars.

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It has been estimated

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that there are currently around

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two million compounds on Earth

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with different structures combined

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in various ways.

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In the same way

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that these compounds may be able to form solely

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by two atoms combining together,

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they can also emerge

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from a combination of millions of atoms.

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The interesting thing, however,

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is that the fact that every element

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has its own particular ability

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to produce compounds.

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Some elements never combine

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with another element

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under any circumstance.

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Some produce only one or two compounds.

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carbon, however,

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carbon, is very different to all of these.

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It is able by itself

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to establish 1.7 million compounds

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of different kinds.

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Bearing in mind

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that the total number

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of different compounds

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in the world is 2 million,

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we see that all the other elements,

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excluding carbon,

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produce the remaining 300,000 compounds.

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The meaning of this

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is that carbon

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carbon is a great marvel

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of creation.

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It is also very interesting

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that there is actually

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quite a small amount

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of this vitally important element.

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Carbon represents only 9-10%

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of living bodies

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in weight

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and only 17 parts

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in 100,000

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of the Earth's composition.

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Despite being present

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in only small quantities,

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carbon is still present

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in every part of our lives,

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including our own bodies,

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and there is no other element

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that can replace it.

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Carbon's property

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of being easily able

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to form compounds

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with other elements

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stems from the bonds

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it establishes.

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Because of its molecular properties,

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carbon is able

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to add atoms

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of the same type

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to one another

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and also to combine atoms

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of different kinds.

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Other atoms

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generally lack this property.

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They can form bonds

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with certain atoms

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but differentiate

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between others.

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Carbon forms

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very strong covalent bonds

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with other carbon atoms.

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Since these bonds

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are very strong,

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they allow very large

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and long molecules

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to form.

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The carbohydrates,

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protein,

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and nucleic acids

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in the body

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are large molecules

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that result

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from such carbon bonds.

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Scientists spent years

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investigating

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whether there was

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any other element

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that might replace carbon.

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The element

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with the nearest properties

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to those of carbon

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was silicon.

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They therefore thought

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that silicon

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should be able

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in some way

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to build

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the compounds

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formed by carbon.

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However,

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all their efforts

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proved to be in vain.

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because silicon

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had no ability

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to form

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a large number

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of compounds

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with other elements

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in the way

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that carbon does.

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The main reason

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for this

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is the strong bonds

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that carbon forms

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with its own atoms.

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The bond between

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two carbon atoms

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is very strong

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for which reason

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it permits

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much longer

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and highly stable bonds.

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although silicon

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is an element

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very close

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to carbon

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it is unable

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to form

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such powerful bonds

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with its own atoms.

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The bond

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it establishes

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is weak

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and unsuited

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to the formation

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of long chains.

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In his book

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The Chemical Elements

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and Their Compounds

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the British chemist

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Neville Sedgwick

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describes how

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there is no alternative

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to carbon.

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We know enough now

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to be sure

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that the idea

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of a world

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in which silicon

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should take

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the place of carbon

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as the basis

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of life

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is impossible.

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The Earth

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is the only known planet

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to have

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the necessary conditions

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for carbon

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to form

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and give rise

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to compounds.

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For example

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the temperature range

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needed for a carbon

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compound

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to be able

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to form

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is between

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minus 20

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and

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positive

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120 degrees Celsius.

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Carbon compounds

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start to freeze

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at minus 20 degrees

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and to fall apart

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at 120 degrees.

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We can witness

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this decay

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and this falling apart

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under world conditions.

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In a forest fire

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for instance

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the extreme heat

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entirely alters

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the structure

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of tree trunks.

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Carbon compounds

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undergo changes

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which is the reason

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that the tree structure

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is radically altered.

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The carbon

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has now lost

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its original structure.

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as we have seen

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carbon is impaired

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by temperature changes.

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If that change

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were to prevail

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across the world

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life would disappear.

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This is one

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of the most important

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proofs

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that the Earth

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is specially created.

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the temperature range

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that permits

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carbon

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to give rise

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to organic compounds

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exists only

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on Earth

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and this temperature range

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is a highly

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delicate one.

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To make a comparison

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the temperature

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on Venus

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the next planet

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to the Earth

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in the solar system

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is around

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450 degrees Celsius

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and the temperature

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on Mars

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the next planet

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after the Earth

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is minus

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53 degrees Celsius

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it is impossible

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for carbon

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to give rise

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to organic compounds

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in such burning heat

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and freezing cold.

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It must also

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not be forgotten

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that the temperature

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in the stars

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measure millions

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of degrees

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and that the temperature

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in the vasts

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of outer space

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is minus

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273 degrees Celsius

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or absolute zero.

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The fact that

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only the Earth

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possesses

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the specific

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temperature range

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necessary to support

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carbon-based life

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is a great blessing

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and a special creation.

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The important thing

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is to realize

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by seeing

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these perfections

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and by knowing

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Allah's matchless

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artistry

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that one stands

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in need of Allah

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and should appreciate

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His greatness.

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Allah reveals

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this fact

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in the Quran.

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I seek refuge

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in Allah

19:50.060 --> 19:51.380
from the accursed Satan.

19:52.380 --> 19:53.280
Have you thought

19:53.280 --> 19:54.580
about what you cultivate?

19:55.460 --> 19:56.160
Is it you

19:56.160 --> 19:57.260
who make it germinate

19:57.260 --> 19:58.320
or are we

19:58.320 --> 19:59.100
the germinator?

19:59.940 --> 20:00.960
If we wished

20:00.960 --> 20:02.300
we could have made it

20:02.300 --> 20:03.320
broken stubble,

20:03.960 --> 20:05.080
you would then be left

20:05.080 --> 20:06.520
devoid of crops,

20:07.120 --> 20:07.660
distraught.

20:08.100 --> 20:08.980
We are ruined,

20:09.380 --> 20:09.860
in fact,

20:09.960 --> 20:10.880
we are destitute.

20:12.420 --> 20:13.140
Have you thought

20:13.140 --> 20:13.900
about the water

20:13.900 --> 20:14.660
that you drink?

20:15.200 --> 20:15.860
Is it you

20:15.860 --> 20:16.760
who sent it down

20:16.760 --> 20:17.500
from the clouds

20:17.500 --> 20:18.680
or are we

20:18.680 --> 20:19.340
the sender?

20:20.020 --> 20:20.840
If we wished

20:20.840 --> 20:22.180
we could have made it bitter,

20:22.820 --> 20:23.500
so will you not

20:23.500 --> 20:24.160
give thanks?

20:25.960 --> 20:26.720
Have you thought

20:26.720 --> 20:27.460
about the fire

20:27.460 --> 20:28.100
that you light?

20:28.900 --> 20:29.580
Is it you

20:29.580 --> 20:30.360
who make the trees

20:30.360 --> 20:31.280
that fuel it grow

20:31.280 --> 20:32.720
or are we

20:32.720 --> 20:33.240
the grower?

20:51.620 --> 20:52.840
When we examine

20:52.840 --> 20:54.140
carbon in detail,

20:54.600 --> 20:55.140
we see that

20:55.140 --> 20:56.400
not only the formation

20:56.400 --> 20:57.420
of this atom,

20:58.040 --> 20:59.280
but also its chemical

20:59.280 --> 21:00.840
properties have been

21:00.840 --> 21:02.040
specially determined.

21:02.940 --> 21:03.480
In nature,

21:04.160 --> 21:05.080
carbon is found

21:05.080 --> 21:06.640
in two separate forms,

21:07.260 --> 21:09.020
graphite and diamond.

21:10.020 --> 21:10.380
However,

21:10.700 --> 21:11.860
the compound it forms

21:11.860 --> 21:12.860
produce very different

21:12.860 --> 21:13.480
substances.

21:14.280 --> 21:15.340
All the very different

21:15.340 --> 21:16.380
organic structures

21:16.380 --> 21:17.960
from the cell membrane

21:17.960 --> 21:18.840
to tree bark,

21:19.300 --> 21:20.600
from the lens of the eye

21:20.600 --> 21:22.100
to a deer's antlers,

21:22.360 --> 21:23.900
from the white of an egg

21:23.900 --> 21:25.060
to snake venom,

21:25.780 --> 21:26.800
all these consist

21:26.800 --> 21:28.680
of carbon-based compounds.

21:29.740 --> 21:30.560
Carbon combines

21:30.560 --> 21:31.240
with hydrogen,

21:31.640 --> 21:32.060
oxygen,

21:32.380 --> 21:33.640
and nitrogen atoms

21:33.640 --> 21:34.820
in very different

21:34.820 --> 21:36.080
geometrical forms

21:36.080 --> 21:36.860
and sequences,

21:37.280 --> 21:38.800
thus giving rise

21:38.800 --> 21:39.960
to very different

21:39.960 --> 21:40.620
substances.

21:42.040 --> 21:43.440
Some carbon compounds

21:43.440 --> 21:44.820
consist of only

21:44.820 --> 21:46.240
a very few atoms,

21:46.860 --> 21:48.120
while others contain

21:48.120 --> 21:48.660
thousands

21:48.660 --> 21:50.060
or even millions.

21:51.400 --> 21:52.620
Only carbon atoms

21:52.620 --> 21:53.920
can form such long

21:53.920 --> 21:55.320
and permanent compounds.

21:57.560 --> 21:58.760
In his book,

21:59.120 --> 22:00.320
Neville Sidwick

22:00.320 --> 22:02.440
says this about carbon.

22:06.760 --> 22:08.040
Carbon is unique

22:08.040 --> 22:09.020
among the elements

22:09.020 --> 22:09.820
in the number

22:09.820 --> 22:10.560
and variety

22:10.560 --> 22:11.500
of the compounds

22:11.500 --> 22:12.800
which it can form.

22:14.140 --> 22:15.680
Over a quarter of a million

22:15.680 --> 22:17.040
have already been isolated

22:17.040 --> 22:17.860
and described,

22:18.560 --> 22:19.900
but this gives a very

22:19.900 --> 22:21.000
imperfect idea

22:21.000 --> 22:21.920
of its powers,

22:22.400 --> 22:23.700
since it is the basis

22:23.700 --> 22:24.880
of all forms

22:24.880 --> 22:25.940
of living matter.

22:40.940 --> 22:42.640
When carbon combines

22:42.640 --> 22:43.620
with other atoms

22:43.620 --> 22:45.360
to form organic compounds,

22:46.200 --> 22:47.420
the bond established

22:47.420 --> 22:48.400
between the atoms

22:48.400 --> 22:49.600
is known as

22:49.600 --> 22:50.920
a covalent bond.

22:51.520 --> 22:52.320
Covalent bonds

22:52.320 --> 22:53.020
are formed

22:53.020 --> 22:54.100
when two atoms

22:54.100 --> 22:55.900
share the same electrons.

23:01.340 --> 23:02.560
Electrons revolve

23:02.560 --> 23:03.720
in specific orbits

23:03.720 --> 23:05.360
around the atomic nucleus.

23:07.160 --> 23:08.260
There may be

23:08.260 --> 23:09.560
only two electrons

23:09.560 --> 23:10.360
in the orbit

23:10.360 --> 23:11.900
closest to the nucleus.

23:14.800 --> 23:16.100
The next orbit

23:16.100 --> 23:17.200
may contain eight.

23:18.400 --> 23:20.120
and one after that

23:20.120 --> 23:21.500
18 and so on.

23:23.660 --> 23:25.140
The noteworthy point

23:25.140 --> 23:25.960
is that atoms

23:25.960 --> 23:27.160
have a predisposition

23:27.160 --> 23:27.740
to make up

23:27.740 --> 23:29.000
the number of electrons

23:29.000 --> 23:30.020
in their orbits.

23:38.520 --> 23:39.480
For example,

23:40.240 --> 23:42.180
oxygen with six electrons

23:42.180 --> 23:43.680
in its second orbit

23:43.680 --> 23:44.540
wants to add

23:44.540 --> 23:45.600
another two electrons

23:45.600 --> 23:47.140
and thus complete

23:47.140 --> 23:47.640
and thus complete the orbit

23:47.640 --> 23:49.040
with eight electrons.

23:54.260 --> 23:55.720
No answer can be given

23:55.720 --> 23:56.360
to the question

23:56.360 --> 23:57.160
of why atoms

23:57.160 --> 23:58.280
have such a tendency,

23:58.740 --> 23:59.520
but were it not

23:59.520 --> 24:00.800
for that predisposition,

24:01.320 --> 24:02.580
life forms could obviously

24:02.580 --> 24:03.720
never come into being.

24:04.440 --> 24:05.120
Covalent bonds

24:05.120 --> 24:05.680
are formed

24:05.680 --> 24:07.000
thanks to the atoms'

24:07.660 --> 24:08.780
desire to complete

24:08.780 --> 24:09.520
their orbits.

24:09.940 --> 24:11.340
Two different atoms

24:11.340 --> 24:12.700
that want to complete

24:12.700 --> 24:13.420
their orbits

24:13.420 --> 24:14.820
do so by sharing

24:14.820 --> 24:15.740
their electrons.

24:19.420 --> 24:21.360
The two hydrogen atoms

24:21.360 --> 24:23.060
and one oxygen atom

24:23.060 --> 24:24.680
that constitute water,

24:25.160 --> 24:25.820
for instance,

24:26.200 --> 24:27.540
build a covalent bond.

24:32.420 --> 24:33.960
The oxygen raises

24:33.960 --> 24:35.040
the number of electrons

24:35.040 --> 24:36.540
in its second orbit

24:36.540 --> 24:37.920
by sharing one electron

24:37.920 --> 24:40.020
with each of the hydrogen atoms.

24:40.020 --> 24:43.100
each of the hydrogen atoms

24:43.100 --> 24:44.080
raise the number

24:44.080 --> 24:44.720
of electrons

24:44.720 --> 24:46.300
in its second orbit

24:46.300 --> 24:47.100
to two

24:47.100 --> 24:48.000
by using one

24:48.000 --> 24:49.640
of the oxygen electrons.

24:52.100 --> 24:54.040
Carbon thus gives rise

24:54.040 --> 24:55.580
to very different substances

24:55.580 --> 24:56.600
by building

24:56.600 --> 24:57.980
such covalent bonds.

25:03.020 --> 25:04.180
Methane is one

25:04.180 --> 25:05.040
of these substances.

25:05.040 --> 25:08.260
the formation of methane

25:08.260 --> 25:09.260
comes about

25:09.260 --> 25:11.180
by four hydrogen atoms

25:11.180 --> 25:12.800
building a covalent bond

25:12.800 --> 25:14.120
with a carbon atom.

25:19.720 --> 25:21.360
Since the atomic number

25:21.360 --> 25:22.340
of carbon is

25:22.340 --> 25:23.540
two less than that

25:23.540 --> 25:24.180
of oxygen,

25:24.680 --> 25:25.580
the carbon bonds

25:25.580 --> 25:27.660
with four hydrogen atoms

25:27.660 --> 25:28.680
instead of two.

25:28.680 --> 25:36.140
As we said at the beginning,

25:36.880 --> 25:38.120
the bonds built by carbon

25:38.120 --> 25:39.560
constitute a very

25:39.560 --> 25:40.780
wide spectrum.

25:41.780 --> 25:42.140
The bonds

25:42.140 --> 25:42.660
that carbon

25:42.660 --> 25:43.560
establishes

25:43.560 --> 25:44.960
with hydrogen alone

25:44.960 --> 25:45.840
give rise

25:45.840 --> 25:46.820
to the large family

25:46.820 --> 25:48.160
known as hydrocarbons.

25:49.560 --> 25:51.000
This family includes

25:51.000 --> 25:52.140
natural gas,

25:52.640 --> 25:53.340
liquid petrol,

25:54.200 --> 25:54.920
fuel oil,

25:55.440 --> 25:56.040
kerosene,

25:56.620 --> 25:58.000
and various machine oils.

25:58.000 --> 25:59.800
The hydrocarbons

25:59.800 --> 26:00.600
ethylene

26:00.600 --> 26:01.440
and propylene

26:01.440 --> 26:02.560
are the basis

26:02.560 --> 26:04.360
of the petrochemical industry.

26:05.280 --> 26:06.140
Other hydrocarbons

26:06.140 --> 26:06.800
give rise

26:06.800 --> 26:07.820
to such compounds

26:07.820 --> 26:08.860
as benzene,

26:09.620 --> 26:10.180
toluene,

26:10.780 --> 26:11.580
and turpentine.

26:12.160 --> 26:12.720
The moth balls

26:12.720 --> 26:13.960
we put in cupboards

26:13.960 --> 26:15.520
to protect our clothes

26:15.520 --> 26:16.640
against moths

26:16.640 --> 26:17.800
contain another form

26:17.800 --> 26:18.540
of hydrocarbon.

26:19.140 --> 26:19.900
Hydrocarbons

26:19.900 --> 26:20.740
that combine

26:20.740 --> 26:21.860
with chlorine

26:21.860 --> 26:22.840
or fluorine

26:22.840 --> 26:23.920
produce such

26:23.920 --> 26:24.780
different substances

26:24.780 --> 26:26.100
as anesthetics,

26:26.700 --> 26:27.800
fire extinguishers,

26:28.000 --> 26:28.900
and the freon

26:28.900 --> 26:30.640
used in refrigerators.

26:31.680 --> 26:32.680
The covalent bonds

26:32.680 --> 26:33.780
that carbon builds

26:33.780 --> 26:34.640
with hydrogen

26:34.640 --> 26:35.620
and oxygen

26:35.620 --> 26:36.640
represent another

26:36.640 --> 26:37.560
wide spectrum,

26:39.300 --> 26:40.600
including alcohols

26:40.600 --> 26:41.520
such as ethanol

26:41.520 --> 26:42.520
and propanol,

26:42.880 --> 26:43.420
as well as

26:43.420 --> 26:44.220
aldehydes,

26:44.480 --> 26:45.060
ketones,

26:45.320 --> 26:46.360
and fatty acids.

26:46.360 --> 26:53.680
Two important substances

26:53.680 --> 26:54.900
formed by carbon,

26:55.420 --> 26:55.760
hydrogen,

26:56.060 --> 26:57.260
and oxidant compounds

26:57.260 --> 26:58.240
are the glucose

26:58.240 --> 26:59.240
and fructose

26:59.240 --> 27:00.360
in the foods we eat

27:00.360 --> 27:01.140
that provide us

27:01.140 --> 27:01.780
with energy.

27:05.780 --> 27:06.460
Cellulose,

27:06.580 --> 27:07.380
the constituent

27:07.380 --> 27:08.420
of the hard part

27:08.420 --> 27:09.100
of trees

27:09.100 --> 27:10.120
that represents

27:10.120 --> 27:11.140
the raw material

27:11.140 --> 27:11.900
for paper,

27:12.280 --> 27:12.840
beeswax,

27:13.160 --> 27:13.520
vinegar,

27:13.520 --> 27:15.120
and formic acid

27:15.120 --> 27:16.160
again form

27:16.160 --> 27:17.000
as the result

27:17.000 --> 27:18.120
of the covalent bonds

27:18.120 --> 27:19.480
that carbon constructs

27:19.480 --> 27:20.360
with hydrogen

27:20.360 --> 27:21.260
and oxygen.

27:23.020 --> 27:24.760
When carbon builds bonds

27:24.760 --> 27:25.480
with hydrogen,

27:25.840 --> 27:26.180
oxygen,

27:26.580 --> 27:27.820
and nitrogen atoms,

27:28.200 --> 27:29.260
very important compounds

27:29.260 --> 27:30.300
once again result.

27:31.880 --> 27:32.800
The most important

27:32.800 --> 27:34.500
of these are amino acids,

27:34.940 --> 27:36.200
which form proteins,

27:36.680 --> 27:37.820
our body's building blocks.

27:37.820 --> 27:40.540
The nucleotides

27:40.540 --> 27:41.480
that make up DNA

27:41.480 --> 27:43.100
are also molecules

27:43.100 --> 27:44.200
made up of carbon,

27:44.920 --> 27:45.300
hydrogen,

27:45.700 --> 27:46.100
oxygen,

27:46.520 --> 27:47.680
and nitrogen.

27:52.100 --> 27:53.160
In short,

27:53.420 --> 27:54.580
the covalent bonds

27:54.580 --> 27:56.360
constructed by the carbon atom

27:56.360 --> 27:57.840
are among the most

27:57.840 --> 27:59.140
essential preconditions

27:59.140 --> 28:00.500
necessary for life.

28:01.460 --> 28:02.620
If carbon were unable

28:02.620 --> 28:04.180
to build covalent bonds

28:04.180 --> 28:05.180
with oxygen,

28:05.420 --> 28:05.820
nitrogen,

28:06.220 --> 28:06.840
and hydrogen,

28:06.840 --> 28:08.940
then life could not exist.

28:10.540 --> 28:11.680
What enables carbon

28:11.680 --> 28:13.440
to form these bonds

28:13.440 --> 28:15.300
stems from a characteristic

28:15.300 --> 28:16.640
chemist preferred to

28:16.640 --> 28:18.360
as metastability.

28:19.320 --> 28:20.740
The well-known biochemist

28:20.740 --> 28:22.480
John Burden Sanderson

28:22.480 --> 28:23.160
Haldane

28:23.160 --> 28:24.580
describes this feature

28:24.580 --> 28:25.300
as follows.

28:28.300 --> 28:30.060
A metastable molecule

28:30.060 --> 28:31.700
means one that can liberate

28:31.700 --> 28:32.500
free energy

28:32.500 --> 28:33.760
by a transformation,

28:34.560 --> 28:35.460
but is stable enough

28:35.460 --> 28:36.800
to last a long time

28:36.800 --> 28:38.140
unless it is activated

28:38.140 --> 28:38.860
by heat,

28:39.460 --> 28:40.040
radiation,

28:40.500 --> 28:41.760
or union with the catalyst.

28:41.760 --> 28:43.260
The carbon atom

28:43.260 --> 28:47.920
has a very unique structure

28:47.920 --> 28:54.800
thanks to which carbon

28:54.800 --> 28:56.440
is easily able to form

28:56.440 --> 28:57.480
covalent bonds

28:57.480 --> 28:59.060
under normal conditions.

29:01.560 --> 29:02.520
However,

29:02.520 --> 29:05.260
there is one very interesting point here.

29:06.140 --> 29:07.380
Carbon's metastability,

29:07.720 --> 29:09.140
which is essential for life,

29:09.520 --> 29:12.020
only applies within a very narrow

29:12.020 --> 29:13.020
temperature range.

29:13.020 --> 29:15.920
above 100 degrees Celsius,

29:16.720 --> 29:17.500
carbon compounds

29:17.500 --> 29:19.200
become highly unstable.

29:20.760 --> 29:22.300
We all observe this

29:22.300 --> 29:23.440
in our daily lives.

29:24.080 --> 29:25.160
An example of this

29:25.160 --> 29:26.240
is when we cook

29:26.240 --> 29:27.020
a piece of meat.

29:27.720 --> 29:28.160
Cooking it

29:28.160 --> 29:29.240
is actually changing

29:29.240 --> 29:29.820
the structure

29:29.820 --> 29:31.260
of the carbon compounds.

29:31.260 --> 29:32.780
One important point

29:32.780 --> 29:33.980
needs to be emphasized.

29:34.940 --> 29:36.140
The meat that is being cooked

29:36.140 --> 29:36.900
now becomes

29:36.900 --> 29:38.320
entirely dead.

29:38.920 --> 29:39.440
In other words,

29:39.600 --> 29:40.120
it assumes

29:40.120 --> 29:41.560
a completely different structure

29:41.560 --> 29:43.320
to that in a living organism.

29:44.940 --> 29:46.580
Most carbon compounds

29:46.580 --> 29:47.700
decay at above

29:47.700 --> 29:49.740
100 degrees Celsius.

29:53.160 --> 29:55.020
Many vitamins break down

29:55.020 --> 29:55.660
at once.

29:56.560 --> 29:57.320
Sugars undergo

29:57.320 --> 29:58.660
structural change

29:58.660 --> 29:59.720
in the same way

29:59.720 --> 30:01.660
and lose their nutritional value.

30:02.940 --> 30:04.480
At a slightly higher temperature,

30:05.160 --> 30:06.760
150 degrees Celsius,

30:07.460 --> 30:08.120
for instance,

30:08.440 --> 30:09.180
carbon compounds

30:09.180 --> 30:10.020
start to burn.

30:12.900 --> 30:14.140
In other words,

30:14.420 --> 30:15.120
the upper limit

30:15.120 --> 30:16.240
of the temperature range

30:16.240 --> 30:17.560
for carbon compounds

30:17.560 --> 30:19.240
to establish covalent bonds

30:19.240 --> 30:20.800
and maintain these

30:20.800 --> 30:21.740
in a stable manner

30:21.740 --> 30:22.840
does not exceed

30:22.840 --> 30:24.220
100 degrees Celsius.

30:25.220 --> 30:25.960
At a temperature

30:25.960 --> 30:27.840
lower than 0 degrees Celsius,

30:27.840 --> 30:28.760
however,

30:29.480 --> 30:30.460
organic biochemistry

30:30.460 --> 30:31.780
becomes impossible,

30:32.580 --> 30:33.620
yet other compounds

30:33.620 --> 30:34.380
are different.

30:36.560 --> 30:38.340
Most inorganic substances

30:38.340 --> 30:39.480
are not affected

30:39.480 --> 30:40.320
in this way

30:40.320 --> 30:41.620
by temperature changes.

30:42.440 --> 30:43.800
In order to see this,

30:44.080 --> 30:44.620
you can place

30:44.620 --> 30:45.200
some metal,

30:45.740 --> 30:46.180
glass,

30:46.660 --> 30:47.320
or stone

30:47.320 --> 30:48.500
in a frying pan

30:48.500 --> 30:50.360
next to a piece of meat

30:50.360 --> 30:51.680
and then heat them up.

30:51.680 --> 30:56.840
You'll see that

30:56.840 --> 30:58.100
as the temperature rises,

30:58.780 --> 30:59.200
the structure

30:59.200 --> 31:00.280
of the meat changes,

31:00.800 --> 31:01.680
it darkens,

31:01.920 --> 31:03.020
and eventually burns.

31:03.840 --> 31:04.860
Yet nothing happens

31:04.860 --> 31:05.580
to the metal,

31:06.000 --> 31:06.360
glass,

31:06.540 --> 31:07.060
or stone,

31:07.720 --> 31:08.600
not even if you

31:08.600 --> 31:09.260
raise the temperature

31:09.260 --> 31:10.780
by hundreds of degrees.

31:13.780 --> 31:14.940
Close inspection

31:14.940 --> 31:16.360
shows that the temperature

31:16.360 --> 31:17.980
needed by carbon compounds

31:17.980 --> 31:19.520
in order to build

31:19.520 --> 31:20.320
and maintain

31:20.320 --> 31:21.440
covalent bonds

31:21.440 --> 31:22.900
is exactly the range

31:22.900 --> 31:24.140
that exists on Earth.

31:33.880 --> 31:35.860
Yet as we have already said,

31:36.140 --> 31:36.620
the temperature

31:36.620 --> 31:37.560
in the universe

31:37.560 --> 31:38.460
as a whole

31:38.460 --> 31:40.060
vary from the fierce heat

31:40.060 --> 31:41.320
of millions of degrees

31:41.320 --> 31:42.740
inside the hottest stars

31:42.740 --> 31:44.420
to absolutely zero

31:44.420 --> 31:47.540
or minus 273 degrees.

31:52.980 --> 31:54.020
Yet the Earth

31:54.020 --> 31:55.440
created for human beings

31:55.440 --> 31:56.740
possesses just

31:56.740 --> 31:57.860
the temperature range

31:57.860 --> 31:59.660
required by carbon compounds,

32:00.160 --> 32:00.940
the building blocks

32:00.940 --> 32:01.640
of life.

32:03.300 --> 32:05.160
One more striking aspect

32:05.160 --> 32:06.040
of all this

32:06.040 --> 32:07.340
is that the temperature range

32:07.340 --> 32:08.320
is also one

32:08.320 --> 32:09.560
which water assumes

32:09.560 --> 32:10.680
a liquid form.

32:12.740 --> 32:14.540
As we saw earlier,

32:14.960 --> 32:15.260
water,

32:15.700 --> 32:16.660
one of the essential

32:16.660 --> 32:17.880
preconditions for life,

32:18.380 --> 32:19.300
needs exactly

32:19.300 --> 32:20.560
the same temperature range

32:20.560 --> 32:21.960
as carbon compounds.

32:25.080 --> 32:26.880
Yet there is no natural law

32:26.880 --> 32:27.360
that makes

32:27.360 --> 32:28.940
such a harmony necessary.

32:29.880 --> 32:30.900
This is an indication

32:30.900 --> 32:32.120
that the properties

32:32.120 --> 32:32.740
of water,

32:33.360 --> 32:33.660
carbon,

32:34.180 --> 32:34.760
and the Earth

32:34.760 --> 32:35.440
were created

32:35.440 --> 32:36.340
to be compatible

32:36.340 --> 32:37.160
with one another.

32:38.120 --> 32:39.120
The flawless nature

32:39.120 --> 32:40.320
of Allah's creation

32:40.320 --> 32:41.700
is revealed in the Quran.

32:42.740 --> 32:49.580
He who created

32:49.580 --> 32:50.560
the seven heavens

32:50.560 --> 32:51.220
and layers,

32:51.960 --> 32:52.680
you will not find

32:52.680 --> 32:53.440
any flaw

32:53.440 --> 32:54.240
in the creation

32:54.240 --> 32:55.440
of the all-merciful.

32:56.740 --> 32:57.400
Look again.

32:58.100 --> 32:59.340
Do you see any gaps?

33:00.160 --> 33:00.960
Then look again

33:00.960 --> 33:01.600
and again.

33:02.280 --> 33:03.280
Your sight will return

33:03.280 --> 33:04.140
to you dazzled

33:04.140 --> 33:04.980
and exhausted.

33:04.980 --> 33:18.200
Covalent bonds

33:18.200 --> 33:19.400
are not the only bonds

33:19.400 --> 33:20.320
that keep the atoms

33:20.320 --> 33:21.440
in the living body

33:21.440 --> 33:21.900
together.

33:23.360 --> 33:24.440
There is a second

33:24.440 --> 33:25.780
class of bonds.

33:26.200 --> 33:26.720
These bonds

33:26.720 --> 33:27.880
of different kinds

33:27.880 --> 33:28.740
are collectively

33:28.740 --> 33:29.840
known as

33:29.840 --> 33:30.980
weak bonds.

33:31.780 --> 33:32.380
Proteins,

33:32.380 --> 33:33.840
basic building blocks

33:33.840 --> 33:35.080
owe their complex

33:35.080 --> 33:36.440
three-dimensional shapes

33:36.440 --> 33:37.340
to weak bonds.

33:38.280 --> 33:39.680
In order to clarify this,

33:40.080 --> 33:41.140
we now need to touch

33:41.140 --> 33:41.840
on the structure

33:41.840 --> 33:42.520
of proteins.

33:43.180 --> 33:44.240
Proteins are generally

33:44.240 --> 33:45.420
referred to as

33:45.420 --> 33:46.940
amino acid chains.

33:47.640 --> 33:48.660
This is an accurate

33:48.660 --> 33:49.320
definition,

33:49.880 --> 33:51.080
though an inadequate

33:51.080 --> 33:52.400
one because the term

33:52.400 --> 33:53.920
amino acid chain

33:53.920 --> 33:54.900
calls to mind

33:54.900 --> 33:55.760
a two-dimensional

33:55.760 --> 33:56.440
series,

33:56.960 --> 33:57.720
like pearls

33:57.720 --> 33:58.740
strung out one

33:58.740 --> 33:59.960
after the other

33:59.960 --> 34:00.700
on a necklace.

34:01.460 --> 34:01.800
However,

34:01.920 --> 34:02.700
the amino acids

34:02.700 --> 34:04.060
that constitute proteins

34:04.060 --> 34:05.100
have a three-dimensional

34:05.100 --> 34:05.600
shape,

34:05.920 --> 34:06.640
like the leaves

34:06.640 --> 34:07.620
on different branches

34:07.620 --> 34:08.180
of a tree.

34:09.060 --> 34:09.860
Covalent bonds

34:09.860 --> 34:10.860
keep the atoms

34:10.860 --> 34:11.600
that comprise

34:11.600 --> 34:12.620
amino acids

34:12.620 --> 34:13.280
together.

34:14.340 --> 34:15.000
Weak bonds,

34:15.240 --> 34:16.060
on the other hand,

34:16.440 --> 34:17.700
combine amino acids

34:17.700 --> 34:18.140
together

34:18.140 --> 34:19.340
in the requisite

34:19.340 --> 34:20.820
three-dimensional form.

34:21.940 --> 34:22.460
Were it not

34:22.460 --> 34:23.560
for the weak bonds,

34:23.560 --> 34:24.920
proteins could not

34:24.920 --> 34:25.460
exist,

34:26.420 --> 34:27.060
and there could be

34:27.060 --> 34:27.720
no life

34:27.720 --> 34:28.420
in the absence

34:28.420 --> 34:29.080
of proteins?

34:32.240 --> 34:33.380
The noteworthy

34:33.380 --> 34:34.220
aspect of this

34:34.220 --> 34:34.700
is that the

34:34.700 --> 34:35.340
temperature range

34:35.340 --> 34:36.560
required by weak bonds

34:36.560 --> 34:37.040
is,

34:37.540 --> 34:38.720
as with covalent bonds,

34:39.000 --> 34:40.060
exactly the temperature

34:40.060 --> 34:41.080
range that exists

34:41.080 --> 34:41.700
on Earth.

34:43.600 --> 34:44.900
Yet weak bonds

34:44.900 --> 34:46.020
and covalent bonds

34:46.020 --> 34:46.740
have completely

34:46.740 --> 34:47.680
different structures,

34:48.280 --> 34:51.260
and there is

34:51.260 --> 34:52.140
no natural reason

34:52.140 --> 34:52.800
why they should

34:52.800 --> 34:53.480
both require

34:53.480 --> 34:54.320
the same temperature.

34:56.560 --> 34:57.120
Nonetheless,

34:57.400 --> 34:58.460
both classes of bonds

34:58.460 --> 34:59.220
are established

34:59.220 --> 35:00.420
at the same temperature.

35:02.160 --> 35:03.400
If covalent bonds

35:03.400 --> 35:03.960
were stable

35:03.960 --> 35:05.040
at a different temperature

35:05.040 --> 35:06.180
than weak bonds,

35:06.700 --> 35:07.700
then protein building

35:07.700 --> 35:08.940
would be impossible.

35:09.620 --> 35:10.700
All of this information

35:10.700 --> 35:11.360
about the

35:11.360 --> 35:12.720
extraordinary properties

35:12.720 --> 35:14.080
of the carbon atom

35:14.080 --> 35:15.200
shows that there is

35:15.200 --> 35:16.380
enormous harmony

35:16.380 --> 35:17.540
between this atom

35:17.540 --> 35:18.780
and other atoms

35:18.780 --> 35:19.880
and compounds

35:19.880 --> 35:20.500
that are the

35:20.500 --> 35:21.540
essential building blocks

35:21.540 --> 35:22.080
of life,

35:22.080 --> 35:22.800
such as water.

35:23.360 --> 35:24.300
There is also harmony

35:24.300 --> 35:25.200
between the stability

35:25.200 --> 35:26.040
of this atom

35:26.040 --> 35:27.000
to form bonds

35:27.000 --> 35:27.900
and the temperature

35:27.900 --> 35:28.660
of our planet.

35:29.220 --> 35:30.160
Our planet provides

35:30.160 --> 35:30.900
a home

35:30.900 --> 35:32.280
for all these elements

35:32.280 --> 35:33.600
and compounds.

35:34.600 --> 35:35.420
Michael Denton

35:35.420 --> 35:37.020
emphasizes this fact

35:37.020 --> 35:37.760
in his book

35:37.760 --> 35:39.500
nature's destiny.

35:42.080 --> 35:43.520
Out of the enormous

35:43.520 --> 35:44.620
range of temperatures

35:44.620 --> 35:45.780
in the cosmos,

35:46.360 --> 35:47.160
there is only one

35:47.160 --> 35:48.420
tiny temperature band

35:48.420 --> 35:49.660
in which we have

35:49.660 --> 35:50.100
one,

35:50.620 --> 35:51.540
liquid water,

35:52.240 --> 35:52.520
two,

35:52.960 --> 35:54.020
a great plentitude

35:54.020 --> 35:55.060
of metastable

35:55.060 --> 35:56.080
organic compounds,

35:56.680 --> 35:57.620
and three,

35:58.280 --> 35:58.900
weak bonds

35:58.900 --> 36:00.100
for stabilizing

36:00.100 --> 36:01.520
the 3D forms

36:01.520 --> 36:02.960
of complex molecules.

36:02.960 --> 36:07.780
As we have already

36:07.780 --> 36:08.280
seen,

36:08.560 --> 36:09.460
this narrow temperature

36:09.460 --> 36:10.540
range exists

36:10.540 --> 36:11.920
solely on Earth

36:11.920 --> 36:13.280
among all the known

36:13.280 --> 36:14.160
heavenly bodies.

36:15.560 --> 36:16.260
What is more,

36:16.800 --> 36:17.760
carbon and water,

36:17.940 --> 36:18.640
two of the main

36:18.640 --> 36:19.380
building blocks

36:19.380 --> 36:20.020
of life,

36:20.280 --> 36:21.320
are found in large

36:21.320 --> 36:22.680
amounts on the Earth.

36:24.540 --> 36:26.180
All this goes to show

36:26.180 --> 36:27.300
that the carbon atom

36:27.300 --> 36:28.860
and its extraordinary

36:28.860 --> 36:30.100
properties were

36:30.100 --> 36:31.400
specially created for life

36:31.400 --> 36:32.740
and that the planet Earth

36:32.740 --> 36:33.860
was specially created

36:33.860 --> 36:35.200
for carbon-based life.

37:01.400 --> 37:03.200
What does a glittering diamond

37:03.200 --> 37:04.120
have in common

37:04.120 --> 37:05.100
with a drill bit?

37:08.080 --> 37:09.540
An uncut raw diamond

37:09.540 --> 37:10.240
is the hardest

37:10.240 --> 37:11.420
of all minerals

37:11.420 --> 37:12.660
and all substances.

37:15.860 --> 37:17.160
For that reason,

37:17.560 --> 37:18.220
crystal diamond

37:18.220 --> 37:19.300
is used to cut

37:19.300 --> 37:20.080
pierce

37:20.080 --> 37:21.480
and plain substances

37:21.480 --> 37:22.460
of all kinds.

37:25.640 --> 37:27.280
Hardness is the resistance

37:27.280 --> 37:28.800
that minerals display

37:28.800 --> 37:29.920
to scratching

37:29.920 --> 37:31.780
due to external forces.

37:33.620 --> 37:34.840
Minerals can easily

37:34.840 --> 37:35.520
be defined

37:35.520 --> 37:36.780
according to their hardness.

37:38.640 --> 37:40.000
A mineral's relative

37:40.000 --> 37:41.520
hardness can be determined

37:41.520 --> 37:42.440
by scratching it

37:42.440 --> 37:43.200
with another.

37:44.860 --> 37:45.380
Scientists

37:45.380 --> 37:46.660
who established

37:46.660 --> 37:47.840
a scoring system

37:47.840 --> 37:49.140
in order to determine

37:49.140 --> 37:49.700
the hardness

37:49.700 --> 37:50.960
of all minerals

37:50.960 --> 37:52.500
awarded the diamond

37:52.500 --> 37:54.280
10 points out of 10.

37:55.140 --> 37:56.000
So what is it

37:56.000 --> 37:56.860
that makes the diamond

37:56.860 --> 37:57.480
so hard?

37:57.480 --> 38:01.860
It is noteworthy

38:01.860 --> 38:02.660
that the brittle

38:02.660 --> 38:04.120
and soft graphite

38:04.120 --> 38:05.520
used in lead pencils

38:05.520 --> 38:07.360
consists of the same

38:07.360 --> 38:08.500
atoms as diamond.

38:12.540 --> 38:13.600
Like diamond,

38:14.420 --> 38:15.400
graphite is made up

38:15.400 --> 38:16.560
of carbon atoms.

38:21.720 --> 38:23.500
Yet one is very soft

38:23.500 --> 38:24.140
and the other

38:24.140 --> 38:25.440
exceptionally hard.

38:25.440 --> 38:29.480
one is like a piece

38:29.480 --> 38:30.360
of black coal

38:30.360 --> 38:31.600
whereas the other

38:31.600 --> 38:32.120
can have

38:32.120 --> 38:33.400
a glittering surface.

38:35.280 --> 38:36.320
One is present

38:36.320 --> 38:37.600
in abundant quantities

38:37.600 --> 38:38.200
in nature

38:38.200 --> 38:39.140
where the other

38:39.140 --> 38:39.920
is a rarity.

38:42.120 --> 38:43.640
For all these reasons,

38:44.100 --> 38:45.040
diamond is of course

38:45.040 --> 38:46.680
incomparably more valuable

38:46.680 --> 38:47.620
than graphite.

38:48.400 --> 38:49.760
So how is it

38:49.760 --> 38:50.860
that the carbon atom

38:50.860 --> 38:52.380
is able to assume

38:52.380 --> 38:53.380
both of these

38:53.380 --> 38:54.880
totally different forms?

38:57.420 --> 38:58.640
The crystal structure

38:58.640 --> 38:59.340
of the diamond

38:59.340 --> 39:01.460
is the most perfect example

39:01.460 --> 39:03.200
in the whole crystal world.

39:06.760 --> 39:08.120
The carbon atoms

39:08.120 --> 39:09.240
in the diamond crystal

39:09.240 --> 39:10.480
have the ideal

39:10.480 --> 39:11.840
geometrical form

39:11.840 --> 39:13.100
to endow the diamond

39:13.100 --> 39:14.460
with its great hardness.

39:14.460 --> 39:24.960
Although graphite

39:24.960 --> 39:25.800
also consists

39:25.800 --> 39:26.520
of carbon,

39:27.320 --> 39:27.940
its atoms

39:27.940 --> 39:28.860
are not laid out

39:28.860 --> 39:29.620
in the same way

39:29.620 --> 39:30.580
as in the diamond.

39:31.460 --> 39:32.600
This state of affairs

39:32.600 --> 39:33.840
is known to scientists

39:33.840 --> 39:34.500
as

39:34.500 --> 39:35.380
allotropy.

39:35.380 --> 39:44.260
allotropy is the existence

39:44.260 --> 39:46.060
of different physical forms

39:46.060 --> 39:47.520
of a chemical element

39:47.520 --> 39:48.820
by its atoms

39:48.820 --> 39:49.740
being arranged

39:49.740 --> 39:50.920
in different ways.

39:51.740 --> 39:52.260
Each of these

39:52.260 --> 39:53.160
different forms

39:53.160 --> 39:54.120
is known

39:54.120 --> 39:55.140
as an allotrope.

39:55.700 --> 39:56.220
For example,

39:57.020 --> 39:58.120
oxygen and ozone

39:58.120 --> 39:59.300
are allotropes

39:59.300 --> 40:00.680
of the oxygen atom.

40:01.280 --> 40:01.640
Diamond,

40:02.280 --> 40:02.820
graphite,

40:02.820 --> 40:04.680
and amorphous carbon

40:04.680 --> 40:06.100
are all allotropes

40:06.100 --> 40:06.720
of carbon.

40:07.620 --> 40:08.840
Some of the physical features

40:08.840 --> 40:09.400
of diamond

40:09.400 --> 40:10.400
and graphite

40:10.400 --> 40:11.580
are as follows.

40:11.580 --> 40:23.500
as we can see,

40:23.700 --> 40:24.980
there are enormous differences

40:24.980 --> 40:26.580
between these two substances

40:26.580 --> 40:27.940
based solely

40:27.940 --> 40:28.860
upon the difference

40:28.860 --> 40:29.640
in the arrangement

40:29.640 --> 40:30.560
of their atoms.

40:32.280 --> 40:33.180
All of the properties

40:33.180 --> 40:34.180
that make the diamond

40:34.180 --> 40:34.780
valuable

40:34.780 --> 40:36.160
depend on conditions

40:36.160 --> 40:36.740
emerging

40:36.740 --> 40:38.000
during its formation.

40:38.860 --> 40:40.260
The extraordinary conditions

40:40.260 --> 40:41.720
necessary for the diamond

40:41.720 --> 40:42.340
to form

40:42.340 --> 40:43.720
are extreme heat

40:43.720 --> 40:44.880
and extreme pressure.

40:46.000 --> 40:46.420
The diamond

40:46.420 --> 40:47.120
is born

40:47.120 --> 40:47.840
in the depths

40:47.840 --> 40:48.980
of the Earth's crust.

40:49.800 --> 40:50.500
Parts of this

40:50.500 --> 40:51.040
that contain

40:51.040 --> 40:51.820
melted diamond

40:51.820 --> 40:52.760
may erupt

40:52.760 --> 40:53.720
onto the surface

40:53.720 --> 40:54.500
and freeze,

40:54.760 --> 40:55.620
although this

40:55.620 --> 40:57.340
is a very rare phenomenon.

40:57.860 --> 40:58.460
That explains

40:58.460 --> 40:59.180
why the number

40:59.180 --> 41:00.260
of diamond seams

41:00.260 --> 41:01.060
on Earth

41:01.060 --> 41:02.180
is very low,

41:02.560 --> 41:03.240
there being only

41:03.240 --> 41:04.660
a few rich deposits.

41:05.780 --> 41:06.460
The structure

41:06.460 --> 41:07.640
of natural diamond

41:07.640 --> 41:08.760
and the way it forms

41:08.760 --> 41:09.280
have served

41:09.280 --> 41:09.900
as a guide

41:09.900 --> 41:10.760
for scientists,

41:11.360 --> 41:11.920
thanks to which

41:11.920 --> 41:12.800
artificial diamonds

41:12.800 --> 41:14.060
can now be manufactured.

41:15.240 --> 41:16.800
In some experiments,

41:17.260 --> 41:17.900
graphite kept

41:17.900 --> 41:18.500
at a pressure

41:18.500 --> 41:20.500
of 100,000 atmospheres

41:20.500 --> 41:21.780
and at a temperature

41:21.780 --> 41:23.560
of 3,000 degrees Celsius

41:23.560 --> 41:24.940
was converted

41:24.940 --> 41:25.720
into diamond.

41:26.460 --> 41:26.800
However,

41:26.920 --> 41:27.840
synthetic diamonds

41:27.840 --> 41:29.120
are not as valuable

41:29.120 --> 41:30.280
as natural ones.

41:31.320 --> 41:32.340
Because of their

41:32.340 --> 41:33.480
hard structures,

41:33.980 --> 41:35.160
such artificial diamonds

41:35.160 --> 41:35.820
are used

41:35.820 --> 41:36.580
as a kind of

41:36.580 --> 41:37.360
abrasive

41:37.360 --> 41:38.220
in industry.

41:46.680 --> 41:47.680
As Sidgwick,

41:47.740 --> 41:48.180
the chemist,

41:48.320 --> 41:48.860
has said,

41:49.240 --> 41:50.160
the carbon atom,

41:50.500 --> 41:51.080
which contains

41:51.080 --> 41:52.680
only six protons,

41:53.200 --> 41:54.120
six neutrons,

41:54.480 --> 41:55.800
and six electrons,

41:56.200 --> 41:57.200
is a fully-fledged

41:57.200 --> 41:57.880
miracle.

41:58.540 --> 41:59.200
The difference

41:59.200 --> 41:59.640
in the way

41:59.640 --> 42:00.180
the atoms

42:00.180 --> 42:01.060
are arranged

42:01.060 --> 42:02.340
gives birth

42:02.340 --> 42:02.800
to such

42:02.800 --> 42:03.880
different outcomes.

42:04.520 --> 42:04.780
The way

42:04.780 --> 42:05.680
that these outcomes

42:05.680 --> 42:06.680
are so beneficial

42:06.680 --> 42:07.240
for man

42:07.240 --> 42:07.980
is sufficient

42:07.980 --> 42:09.040
for us to see

42:09.040 --> 42:09.960
that all these

42:09.960 --> 42:10.580
are a blessing

42:10.580 --> 42:11.260
from Allah.

42:11.940 --> 42:12.360
Therefore,

42:12.840 --> 42:13.800
it is impossible

42:13.800 --> 42:15.120
for any of the properties

42:15.120 --> 42:16.360
of the carbon atom,

42:16.580 --> 42:18.040
which are so essential

42:18.040 --> 42:18.620
for life,

42:18.800 --> 42:19.640
to have come about

42:19.640 --> 42:20.620
by coincidence.

42:21.620 --> 42:22.300
Allah created

42:22.300 --> 42:23.300
the carbon atom

42:23.300 --> 42:24.500
with all of its

42:24.500 --> 42:25.820
different characteristics,

42:25.820 --> 42:26.920
just as

42:26.920 --> 42:27.280
he did

42:27.280 --> 42:28.360
everything else.

42:33.640 --> 42:34.580
What is

42:34.580 --> 42:35.360
in the heavens

42:35.360 --> 42:36.720
and in the earth

42:36.720 --> 42:37.760
belongs to Allah.

42:38.660 --> 42:39.800
Allah encompasses

42:39.800 --> 42:41.000
all things.

42:41.460 --> 42:42.260
Yes,

42:42.300 --> 42:42.840
yes.

42:46.280 --> 42:48.340
Yes.

42:50.500 --> 42:50.600
Yes.

42:50.980 --> 42:51.720
Yes,

42:51.720 --> 42:52.000
yes.

42:56.320 --> 42:57.280
Yes,

42:57.960 --> 42:58.920
yes.

42:58.920 --> 43:00.380
Yes,

43:00.380 --> 43:01.000
yes.

43:01.020 --> 43:01.060
Yes,

43:01.220 --> 43:03.140
yes.

43:07.160 --> 43:07.340
Yes.