1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:11,960 Considering perfect order of the universe, there must have been extremely sensitive values 2 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:17,060 in motion during the expansion of the Big Bang. Can you tell us about the order that 3 00:00:17,060 --> 00:00:22,560 began with the Big Bang, such as the cosmological constant and others, and how precise these 4 00:00:22,560 --> 00:00:24,560 numbers are? 5 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:34,560 Yes. About 100 years ago, right now is 2018, so 103 years ago was 2015. In 2015, Albert 6 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:42,480 Einstein published his work on general relativity, theory of relativity. One of the predictions 7 00:00:42,480 --> 00:00:51,640 of his own theory was that the universe's state is dynamic, and that it's a solution 8 00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:58,240 to Einstein's equation is that the universe is dynamic. And that means that the universe 9 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:01,640 could be expanding or it could be contracting. 10 00:01:01,640 --> 00:01:07,640 This wasn't immediately obvious when Einstein came up with it. It was Alexander Friedman, 11 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:16,640 who actually, he was, I believe, a Russian, a young Russian mathematician, who first solved 12 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:21,520 Einstein's equations because they were very difficult to solve. And he sent a letter to 13 00:01:21,520 --> 00:01:27,040 Einstein and said, Dr. Einstein, I have made an attempt under certain conditions to solve 14 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:33,400 your equations and what I find is a dynamic universe. Einstein didn't like that answer. 15 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:39,000 Einstein actually didn't even answer Friedman. He didn't like the answer because Einstein, 16 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:45,900 like many of his colleagues at the time, believed in a universe that was static. They believed that 17 00:01:45,900 --> 00:01:51,500 the universe has eternally been here. And if it's eternally been here, then there's no need to talk 18 00:01:51,500 --> 00:01:56,620 about a creator. It's just the universe is the only thing there is. You know, Carl Sagan famously used 19 00:01:56,620 --> 00:02:02,780 to start his TV show called Cosmos. He would say, the cosmos is all there is and all there was and all 20 00:02:02,780 --> 00:02:12,300 there will ever be. And that totally reflects the attitude of the scientists at that time relative to 21 00:02:12,300 --> 00:02:20,220 the origin of the universe. And so the reason I mention this story is that the very fact that the 22 00:02:20,220 --> 00:02:27,020 universe is dynamic was already something totally unexpected. It was one of those situations where 23 00:02:27,020 --> 00:02:35,020 science progresses and the scientist always has a bias, but sometimes his finding doesn't match his bias. 24 00:02:35,020 --> 00:02:40,940 So in this case, what they found was that the universe is dynamic and one of the first implications of 25 00:02:40,940 --> 00:02:46,540 that was that the universe must have had a beginning. And the fact that the universe had a beginning in a 26 00:02:46,540 --> 00:02:52,860 finite amount of time was actually a very surprising result for them and very unpleasant. Einstein, 27 00:02:54,380 --> 00:03:06,380 by the way, Einstein's theory was demonstrated to be true in a solar eclipse in 1919 led by an experiment, 28 00:03:06,380 --> 00:03:15,020 led by Arthur Eddington. Eddington was Einstein's friend and he actually was a very big advocate 29 00:03:15,020 --> 00:03:19,740 of general relativity. He would go around giving lectures on Einstein's relativity theory. And then 30 00:03:19,740 --> 00:03:24,860 he came up with a brilliant experiment in which he was measuring how much does the angle at which the 31 00:03:24,860 --> 00:03:32,780 star appears change if the star comes near the sun. Well, that is very difficult to look for a star near 32 00:03:32,780 --> 00:03:39,500 the sun because the sun is so bright. But the moon is so fantastically matched to the sun in the sky. 33 00:03:39,500 --> 00:03:44,700 Something very surprising, most people don't appreciate this, that the moon on the sky is the 34 00:03:44,700 --> 00:03:50,860 same size as the sun on the sky. The moon is 400 times smaller and it's 400 times closer. It's a very 35 00:03:50,860 --> 00:03:56,860 strange coincidence. But what the moon being that size allows us to do is to do an experiment in which we 36 00:03:56,860 --> 00:04:03,500 can test general relativity because the moon completely makes a perfect eclipse that allows 37 00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:09,660 me to see the sun, the star. And now I can see that the star looks like it's coming from a bigger angle 38 00:04:09,660 --> 00:04:14,860 due to the Einstein relativity theory. That experiment was done in 1919 and that was the experiment that 39 00:04:14,860 --> 00:04:20,220 made Einstein famous and the whole world became excited about relativity. But a consequence of 40 00:04:20,220 --> 00:04:30,860 relativity was that the universe is expanding. And Eddington, the man who actually made the discovery, 41 00:04:30,860 --> 00:04:38,140 so disliked the answer that he said that he found the idea of a beginning to the universe as 42 00:04:38,140 --> 00:04:43,420 philosophically repugnant. It's very interesting. You know, scientists, you think of the picture of 43 00:04:43,420 --> 00:04:49,420 the scientists as, you know, they're very logic driven. They don't have any bias. They just follow the 44 00:04:49,420 --> 00:04:54,620 evidence where it leads. Well, most don't. And Eddington was very frank about it. You know, 45 00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:59,260 he finds it philosophically, why philosophically repugnant, that the universe would have it. 46 00:04:59,260 --> 00:05:03,820 But I think they had an atheistic bias. They didn't want a beginning to the universe because the 47 00:05:03,820 --> 00:05:09,180 beginning would point to a creator. So this is all the story of a beginning to the universe that was, 48 00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:15,260 that was, and that now we associate with the Big Bang. So not only was there a beginning, 49 00:05:15,260 --> 00:05:20,780 by the way, the word Big Bang itself is a derogatory term. It was a way of mocking this 50 00:05:20,780 --> 00:05:25,180 theory by people who didn't want there to be a beginning to the universe. And it was Fred Hoyle 51 00:05:25,180 --> 00:05:32,300 who came up with this in a radio program. At any rate, so not only now we recognize that beginning 52 00:05:32,300 --> 00:05:38,060 as when we call it the Big Bang, but we now see that the properties of the Big Bang are very fine-tuned. 53 00:05:38,060 --> 00:05:49,980 So the, for example, the universe appears to have a level of orderliness in the, or distribution of 54 00:05:49,980 --> 00:05:57,900 matter in space that is very hard to explain. It seems like the level of orderliness or the entropy 55 00:05:59,980 --> 00:06:05,820 is a very improbable level. Roger Pendrose, who is a very famous physicist, 56 00:06:05,820 --> 00:06:14,220 computed that probability as being of the order of one to the, one over 10 to the 123rd power, 57 00:06:15,100 --> 00:06:21,500 very exceedingly, unbelievably small number. So there is some, some very special things going on 58 00:06:21,500 --> 00:06:29,820 in the, in the, in the way the universe is set up just in terms of matter and energy and its condition. 59 00:06:29,820 --> 00:06:36,060 Uh, for example, in a universe that's dynamic, you could have a situation where the, uh, there is so 60 00:06:36,060 --> 00:06:42,140 much matter and so little energy that the matter basically, uh, at first there is this expansion 61 00:06:42,140 --> 00:06:49,100 and then there's this collapse. Um, or you could have it that there is so much energy that there is 62 00:06:49,100 --> 00:06:55,260 expansion and there is no collapse ever. It goes forever, you know, farther away. Where we find 63 00:06:55,260 --> 00:07:02,460 ourselves is we are exactly at the boundary of very close to the boundary where at infinity, uh, there 64 00:07:02,460 --> 00:07:11,100 is zero energy or zero, uh, motion. Uh, except now in the, since 1998, there is a possibility that we are 65 00:07:11,100 --> 00:07:16,940 just a tiny bit more energetic than that. Uh, and this is this thing that they call dark energy and it's 66 00:07:16,940 --> 00:07:23,500 still completely un-understood, not understood. So, uh, all of this kind of points to the fact that, 67 00:07:23,500 --> 00:07:28,780 first of all, there is a lot more to learn and the other that the universe, far from being something 68 00:07:28,780 --> 00:07:36,780 that could fit in a standard, simple, static, uh, self-existent narrative, it's very contingent on a 69 00:07:36,780 --> 00:07:46,060 narrative, creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative ну instituten 70 00:07:46,060 --> 00:07:53,300 creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative alternative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative blank creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative creative