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Considering perfect order of the universe, there must have been extremely sensitive values

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in motion during the expansion of the Big Bang. Can you tell us about the order that

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began with the Big Bang, such as the cosmological constant in others, and how precise its values

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are?

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Yeah, so the fine-tuning problems, well, some people call them problems, the fine-tuning

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issues of the universe, are really well-known and widely discussed in the physics community.

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I would say one of the things that is very compelling to me is an argument made, I'm

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going to steal a lot from a philosopher named Robin Collins, who is also from Pennsylvania,

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and at a meeting a couple of years ago, he gave a very nice talk. One of the problems

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with the fine-tuning is not just that there are a lot of improbable numbers that have to

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be exactly so where we couldn't live, because in many versions of understanding fine-tuning,

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people will say, well, it's not really a problem at all, because if you just have a lot of universes,

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and a lot of tries, then eventually, just by random chance, you will get the things that

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you need. And so, the analogy would be, suppose that you have a target for an arrow, and you

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randomly shoot arrows everywhere, and if you have enough tries, eventually, you will get

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one that hits the target. And so then, you add to this, and you say, well, now we find

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there's not just one fine-tuning, but there are multiple fine-tuning parameters. You know,

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the ratio of the gravity and the electrical force, the expansion rate of the universe,

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the speed of light, all of these things have to be pretty much exactly what they are, or

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life couldn't exist. And so, some people would say, well, that's not really a problem, because

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again, if you have all of these different chances, all of these different universes, then eventually,

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you know, you'll be able to hit all these different targets. But, in that kind of thinking, you're

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sort of thinking that you have one target, you shoot the arrows in a bunch of different

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ways, and you hit one target, then you go on to the next target, and you do the same thing

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until you get all these answers. The problem is, with the fine-tuning parameters that we know

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of, they all have to be true simultaneously. You can't just have one be true, and the other

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ones not be true. You have to have all of them true at the same time. And the laws of physics

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don't allow you, if you change one, you oftentimes will change some of the other parameters as well.

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So, the analogy that Robin Collins was discussing was imagining that you have a whole bunch of

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hoops, of circles, and maybe a hundred of them, and you have to shoot an arrow and satisfy

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all 100 of these hoops by shooting an arrow through. Now, if the hoops are all in different

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places, there's no arrow that will ever go through all 100, because you shoot this one,

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you missed that one. The only way to do it is to have all 100 hoops lined up in a straight

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line, so that you can satisfy all of the constraints simultaneously. Well, then you have to ask,

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what are the odds of having all the hoops in line? Right? So, even if I had lots of universes,

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and I'm shooting arrows in all different directions, if the hoops are not all lined up, no arrow will

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ever satisfy all of the 100 at the same time. So, you can now say, even in a universe where

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you have multiple attempts, if the hoops are not lined up, you can't get something that

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satisfies all the conditions at the same time. So, we have a question, a larger question,

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which is, how is it even possible that there is any type of universe that could allow life?

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Because all of these conditions have to be satisfied at the same time, or else, if one

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of them is wrong, then none of it works.