WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:12.060 Considering perfect order of the universe, there must have been extremely sensitive values 00:12.060 --> 00:16.680 in motion during the expansion of the Big Bang. Can you tell us about the order that 00:16.680 --> 00:21.680 began with the Big Bang, such as the cosmological constant in others, and how precise its values 00:21.680 --> 00:22.680 are? 00:22.680 --> 00:28.760 Yeah, so the fine-tuning problems, well, some people call them problems, the fine-tuning 00:28.760 --> 00:37.220 issues of the universe, are really well-known and widely discussed in the physics community. 00:37.220 --> 00:42.440 I would say one of the things that is very compelling to me is an argument made, I'm 00:42.440 --> 00:49.320 going to steal a lot from a philosopher named Robin Collins, who is also from Pennsylvania, 00:49.320 --> 00:54.020 and at a meeting a couple of years ago, he gave a very nice talk. One of the problems 00:54.020 --> 01:00.260 with the fine-tuning is not just that there are a lot of improbable numbers that have to 01:00.260 --> 01:09.520 be exactly so where we couldn't live, because in many versions of understanding fine-tuning, 01:09.520 --> 01:13.660 people will say, well, it's not really a problem at all, because if you just have a lot of universes, 01:13.660 --> 01:19.940 and a lot of tries, then eventually, just by random chance, you will get the things that 01:19.940 --> 01:27.480 you need. And so, the analogy would be, suppose that you have a target for an arrow, and you 01:27.480 --> 01:32.040 randomly shoot arrows everywhere, and if you have enough tries, eventually, you will get 01:32.040 --> 01:39.980 one that hits the target. And so then, you add to this, and you say, well, now we find 01:39.980 --> 01:44.480 there's not just one fine-tuning, but there are multiple fine-tuning parameters. You know, 01:44.480 --> 01:51.480 the ratio of the gravity and the electrical force, the expansion rate of the universe, 01:51.480 --> 01:56.660 the speed of light, all of these things have to be pretty much exactly what they are, or 01:56.660 --> 02:01.220 life couldn't exist. And so, some people would say, well, that's not really a problem, because 02:01.220 --> 02:08.220 again, if you have all of these different chances, all of these different universes, then eventually, 02:08.220 --> 02:15.360 you know, you'll be able to hit all these different targets. But, in that kind of thinking, you're 02:15.360 --> 02:19.820 sort of thinking that you have one target, you shoot the arrows in a bunch of different 02:19.820 --> 02:24.480 ways, and you hit one target, then you go on to the next target, and you do the same thing 02:24.480 --> 02:29.360 until you get all these answers. The problem is, with the fine-tuning parameters that we know 02:29.360 --> 02:38.220 of, they all have to be true simultaneously. You can't just have one be true, and the other 02:38.220 --> 02:44.160 ones not be true. You have to have all of them true at the same time. And the laws of physics 02:44.160 --> 02:50.500 don't allow you, if you change one, you oftentimes will change some of the other parameters as well. 02:50.500 --> 02:57.260 So, the analogy that Robin Collins was discussing was imagining that you have a whole bunch of 02:57.260 --> 03:04.640 hoops, of circles, and maybe a hundred of them, and you have to shoot an arrow and satisfy 03:04.640 --> 03:11.020 all 100 of these hoops by shooting an arrow through. Now, if the hoops are all in different 03:11.020 --> 03:15.840 places, there's no arrow that will ever go through all 100, because you shoot this one, 03:15.840 --> 03:21.120 you missed that one. The only way to do it is to have all 100 hoops lined up in a straight 03:21.120 --> 03:27.960 line, so that you can satisfy all of the constraints simultaneously. Well, then you have to ask, 03:27.960 --> 03:34.320 what are the odds of having all the hoops in line? Right? So, even if I had lots of universes, 03:34.320 --> 03:39.460 and I'm shooting arrows in all different directions, if the hoops are not all lined up, no arrow will 03:39.460 --> 03:45.840 ever satisfy all of the 100 at the same time. So, you can now say, even in a universe where 03:45.840 --> 03:51.820 you have multiple attempts, if the hoops are not lined up, you can't get something that 03:51.820 --> 04:01.560 satisfies all the conditions at the same time. So, we have a question, a larger question, 04:01.560 --> 04:06.800 which is, how is it even possible that there is any type of universe that could allow life? 04:06.800 --> 04:11.120 Because all of these conditions have to be satisfied at the same time, or else, if one 04:11.120 --> 04:13.120 of them is wrong, then none of it works.