1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,640 Müzik 2 00:00:00,640 --> 00:00:18,960 Ben müsaade ederseniz Jeff Zivrick'le başlamak istiyorum. 3 00:00:19,140 --> 00:00:23,500 Doktor Zivrick, astrolofizikçi olan Jeff Zivrick. 4 00:00:23,500 --> 00:00:31,260 Bilim ve dinin uyumunu kara enerji, kara madde, egzogezegenler ve çoklu evren teorileri konusunda anlatımlarda bulunuyor. 5 00:00:31,900 --> 00:00:36,500 Bugüne kadar dünyanın çeşitli yerlerindeki üniversitelerde ve kiliselerde konuşmalar yaptı. 6 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:44,000 RTBE katılımından önce Stage ve Veritas Gamma Ray Teleskopları üzerinde çalıştı. 7 00:00:44,380 --> 00:00:49,620 Ve Solar II projesi ve Whipple Collaboration araştırmasında görev aldı. 8 00:00:49,620 --> 00:00:53,420 Halen Kaliforniya Üniversitesi UCLA görevine devam ediyor. 9 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:56,680 Kara maddelerin tespiti konusunda çalışmalar yapıyor. 10 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:07,760 Doktor Zivrick'in 30'dan fazla makalesi, Astrophysics Journal'ı, Astro Practical Physics ve Astrobiology gibi birçok hakemli bilimsel dergide yayınları var. 11 00:01:08,540 --> 00:01:16,480 Doktor Zivrick, konuşmasında bilimsel gerçeklerin, evrenin aynı kutsal kitaplarda yer aldığı gibi bir başlangıcı olduğunu gösterdiğini anlatacak. 12 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:25,260 Ayrıca evrendeki kusursuz düzenin ve fizik kanunlarının, yüce bir yaratıcının varlığını açık ve kesin olarak gösterdiğin delillerini bizimle paylaşacak. 13 00:01:25,260 --> 00:01:33,580 Ben umuyorum ki, Doktor Zivrick sadece İncil'den değil, Kur'an'dan da bize örnekler verecektir. 14 00:01:33,580 --> 00:01:34,660 Teşekkür ediyorum. 15 00:01:34,660 --> 00:01:58,860 Hazır Kusum 16 00:01:58,860 --> 00:02:28,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 17 00:02:28,860 --> 00:02:58,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 18 00:02:58,860 --> 00:03:28,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 19 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:30,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 20 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:32,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 21 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:34,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 22 00:03:34,840 --> 00:03:35,840 Let me say that again. 23 00:03:35,840 --> 00:04:05,840 24 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:07,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 25 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:37,840 26 00:04:37,840 --> 00:04:39,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 27 00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:41,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 28 00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:43,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 29 00:04:43,840 --> 00:04:45,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 30 00:04:45,840 --> 00:04:47,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 31 00:04:47,840 --> 00:04:49,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 32 00:04:49,840 --> 00:04:51,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 33 00:04:51,840 --> 00:04:53,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 34 00:04:53,840 --> 00:04:55,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 35 00:04:55,840 --> 00:04:57,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 36 00:04:57,840 --> 00:04:59,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 37 00:04:59,840 --> 00:05:01,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 38 00:05:01,840 --> 00:05:03,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 39 00:05:03,840 --> 00:05:05,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 40 00:05:05,840 --> 00:05:07,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 41 00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:11,840 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 42 00:05:11,840 --> 00:05:41,820 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 43 00:05:41,840 --> 00:05:47,240 And if you go look at other prophets, the prophet Jeremiah talks about the universe this way. 44 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:48,060 He says, 45 00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:50,300 Thus says the Lord, 46 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:56,640 If my covenant for day and night stand not, and the fixed patterns of the heavens I have not established. 47 00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:01,240 It then goes on to say, if that's true, if those fixed patterns aren't constant, 48 00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:06,380 and the patterns of heaven and night are not constant, then he's going to break his promises. 49 00:06:06,380 --> 00:06:12,340 And so God's reliability is likened to how reliably the creation operates. 50 00:06:13,580 --> 00:06:24,060 And so you see this big contrast between the universe described through the prophets and the Torah and the scientific understanding. 51 00:06:24,180 --> 00:06:26,800 The scientific understanding, the universe was eternal. 52 00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:33,000 The theistic understanding is that the universe was created and it had a beginning. 53 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:35,920 The universe was static and unchanging. 54 00:06:36,380 --> 00:06:40,780 But in the religious books, the universe is dynamic on the largest scales. 55 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:46,200 And in the scientific view, the laws of physics changed as you move throughout the universe. 56 00:06:46,820 --> 00:06:52,400 And yet the theistic worldview talks about how the laws of physics were constant, that the fixed patterns of day and night. 57 00:06:52,840 --> 00:06:56,420 Well, what is it that governs how day and night happen in the fixed patterns of the heavens? 58 00:06:56,880 --> 00:06:58,980 That's nothing other than the laws of physics. 59 00:06:58,980 --> 00:07:08,320 And so at the start of the 20th century, science thought the universe was eternal, static and unchanging, and governed by constant laws. 60 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:15,860 And yet God had revealed a universe that began to exist, was dynamic, and governed by constant laws of physics. 61 00:07:15,860 --> 00:07:22,820 So let's take a look at some of the important discoveries throughout the 20th century. 62 00:07:23,820 --> 00:07:30,280 Well, during the early 1900s, Albert Einstein recognized this scientific description of the day 63 00:07:30,280 --> 00:07:33,540 and that the laws of physics changed as you move throughout the universe. 64 00:07:33,540 --> 00:07:36,740 And philosophically, he didn't like the idea. 65 00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:43,320 So he set about developing a model of the universe where the laws of physics were constant. 66 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:49,520 In doing so, he developed his theory of special relativity and theory of general relativity. 67 00:07:50,240 --> 00:07:58,540 And the key feature of these theories is that the laws of physics are constant, regardless of how you're moving or where you're located in the universe. 68 00:07:58,540 --> 00:08:00,460 Now, I can tell you this. 69 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:08,440 Throughout the 20th century, scientists have thrown numerous experimental tests at the theory of general relativity to see if it's true or not. 70 00:08:08,440 --> 00:08:12,620 And it has passed every one of those tests with flying colors. 71 00:08:13,380 --> 00:08:19,560 It is one of the best established and best accepted scientific theories known today. 72 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:30,660 One of the consequences of the theory of general relativity is that when you solve the equations, the universe ought to be dynamic, either expanding or contracting. 73 00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:34,000 Initially, Einstein didn't like this idea. 74 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:40,780 But measurements in the 1920s and 1930s showed that the universe is indeed expanding. 75 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:47,020 Edwin Hubble, looking out at these fuzzy blobs, they were called island universes at the time. 76 00:08:47,020 --> 00:08:53,420 We now call them galaxies, found that these galaxies behaved in a very peculiar fashion. 77 00:08:53,420 --> 00:08:58,340 The farther away a galaxy was, the faster it was moving away from us. 78 00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:02,640 This is a telltale signature of an expanding universe. 79 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:08,020 And so general relativity predicted a dynamic or expanding universe. 80 00:09:08,620 --> 00:09:13,640 And the measurements of these distant galaxies showed that the universe was expanding. 81 00:09:13,640 --> 00:09:19,180 And if it's expanding, perhaps if you run time backwards, there was a beginning. 82 00:09:20,140 --> 00:09:23,420 Now, scientists resisted this idea for quite some time. 83 00:09:23,500 --> 00:09:24,980 In fact, they still resist it today. 84 00:09:25,380 --> 00:09:30,080 And they look for numerous ways to have an eternal universe, one that had existed forever. 85 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:35,720 But in the 1960s, with the measurement of the cosmic microwave background radiation, 86 00:09:36,740 --> 00:09:43,560 Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose and other scientists were able to show or develop some very powerful theorems. 87 00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:51,100 And these theorems showed that if general relativity is true and accurately describes the dynamics of the universe, 88 00:09:51,900 --> 00:09:56,140 and it's passed every test we've thrown at it, so all scientists believe this is the case, 89 00:09:56,660 --> 00:10:02,660 and if the universe contains mass, and we're pretty much a guarantee that that is correct, 90 00:10:02,660 --> 00:10:09,820 then you can draw the conclusion that when you run time backwards, the universe has a boundary. 91 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,960 Now, stated another way, the universe began to exist. 92 00:10:15,560 --> 00:10:21,500 So in spite of the scientific view at the beginning of the universe looking very different from a theistic worldview, 93 00:10:22,360 --> 00:10:27,680 significant and important discoveries throughout the 20th century have demonstrated 94 00:10:27,680 --> 00:10:31,260 that we live in a universe that began to exist. 95 00:10:32,140 --> 00:10:36,400 The universe is expanding, and the universe is governed by constant laws of physics. 96 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:43,840 These three features are essential features of all Big Bang models. 97 00:10:44,980 --> 00:10:50,000 So what we see is that, in other words, the universe that God revealed to us through the holy books 98 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,100 matches the universe we see when we study creation. 99 00:10:53,100 --> 00:10:59,180 Now, in recent years, scientists have proposed multiverse models, 100 00:10:59,400 --> 00:11:03,000 where our universe is one of a great ensemble of universes. 101 00:11:03,580 --> 00:11:06,260 And this seems to challenge the notion of a beginning. 102 00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:10,180 In fact, the first time I encountered this idea of a multiverse, 103 00:11:10,500 --> 00:11:12,720 that was the challenge this guy was saying, 104 00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:15,840 is that if our universe may have had a beginning, 105 00:11:15,980 --> 00:11:18,800 but if the multiverse exists, does that really have a beginning or not? 106 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:21,960 But I've spent a lot of time studying the multiverse, 107 00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:27,980 and what I know is this, is that even if an inflationary multiverse exists, 108 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:32,680 it still affirms the conclusion that the universe began to exist. 109 00:11:33,540 --> 00:11:35,220 Even the multiverse has a beginning. 110 00:11:36,560 --> 00:11:40,440 Now, this first piece of scientific evidence that we live in a Big Bang universe 111 00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:45,720 that began to exist, that is expanding and is governed by constant laws of physics, 112 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:50,660 This conclusion supports the Kalam cosmological argument. 113 00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:54,120 And that argument, in syllogism form, basically says, 114 00:11:54,540 --> 00:11:56,860 whatever begins to exist has a cause. 115 00:11:57,380 --> 00:12:01,980 The universe begins to exist, therefore, the universe must have a cause. 116 00:12:02,620 --> 00:12:05,520 Something outside the universe brought it into existence. 117 00:12:06,420 --> 00:12:10,560 Seems very consistent with the idea that there is a God who created the universe. 118 00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:14,860 So let's turn to the second piece of evidence. 119 00:12:15,640 --> 00:12:19,180 The second piece of evidence that points to the existence of a creator 120 00:12:19,180 --> 00:12:22,440 relates to the pervasive evidence of design in the universe. 121 00:12:23,720 --> 00:12:25,880 Consider what it takes for humanity to live. 122 00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:27,500 I count at least three things. 123 00:12:29,580 --> 00:12:30,920 First, you've got to have diamonds. 124 00:12:32,940 --> 00:12:33,800 No, I'm joking. 125 00:12:33,900 --> 00:12:34,600 You don't need diamonds. 126 00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:35,300 You need carbon. 127 00:12:35,440 --> 00:12:37,680 This was just the best picture of carbon that I could find. 128 00:12:37,680 --> 00:12:40,220 You need to have carbon. 129 00:12:40,620 --> 00:12:42,600 Second, you need to have water. 130 00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:48,080 Water is the liquid that allows all the biochemistry that life requires to take place. 131 00:12:48,940 --> 00:12:52,880 And third, you need to have a planet where liquid water could exist 132 00:12:52,880 --> 00:12:56,340 in its liquid form with an abundance of carbon. 133 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:03,140 Now, as scientists try and understand how the universe is supportive of life, 134 00:13:03,140 --> 00:13:08,780 many come to the conclusion that the universe looks designed to support life. 135 00:13:09,540 --> 00:13:10,860 Let me share a couple of quotes. 136 00:13:11,440 --> 00:13:14,540 By people who are self-professed atheists and agnostics. 137 00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:17,460 These are not people, religious people, who are looking for God. 138 00:13:17,740 --> 00:13:19,160 But this is what they have to say. 139 00:13:20,060 --> 00:13:21,180 Fred Hoyle stated, 140 00:13:21,180 --> 00:13:42,580 Roger Penrose, colleague of Stephen Hawking, says, 141 00:13:42,580 --> 00:13:44,900 I would say the universe has a purpose. 142 00:13:45,460 --> 00:13:47,600 It's not there just somehow by chance. 143 00:13:48,820 --> 00:13:49,920 I can say this. 144 00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:55,960 It is uncontroversial to state that the best scientific evidence indicates that the universe 145 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:58,160 appears designed for life. 146 00:13:58,640 --> 00:14:02,940 And we see evidence for that design across the scientific disciplines. 147 00:14:04,020 --> 00:14:08,340 Let's take a look at some of those areas where the universe looks designed to support life. 148 00:14:08,340 --> 00:14:13,760 We live in a universe with three large spatial dimensions and one time dimension. 149 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,100 But we can analyze what would happen if the universe were different, 150 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:22,620 if it had two one spatial dimensions, three or four or five spatial dimensions, 151 00:14:23,060 --> 00:14:24,500 multiple time dimensions. 152 00:14:24,580 --> 00:14:25,600 We can ask that question. 153 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:28,940 So what happens if there were only two spatial dimensions? 154 00:14:29,940 --> 00:14:32,720 As it turns out, if there were two or less spatial dimensions, 155 00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:35,380 the universe is not complicated enough for life. 156 00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:38,160 Imagine an animal in two dimensions. 157 00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:44,260 If the animal has a passage for food intake and a different passage to expel the waste, 158 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:48,100 in two dimensions, such passages would cut the animal in half. 159 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:53,400 Now, you might say, well, you know, maybe the food could come back out the same way. 160 00:14:53,500 --> 00:14:55,540 But it misses the key point. 161 00:14:56,220 --> 00:15:02,320 In two dimensions, there's not enough connections to be made for the complexity that life requires. 162 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:06,020 It's not just about whether the food has to come out the same way it came in. 163 00:15:06,020 --> 00:15:07,800 It's actually far more fundamental. 164 00:15:08,340 --> 00:15:12,660 So perhaps if one or two dimensions is too simple, 165 00:15:12,780 --> 00:15:16,120 maybe if we add more spatial dimensions, that's better. 166 00:15:16,220 --> 00:15:17,260 That adds the complexity. 167 00:15:18,340 --> 00:15:20,500 And it turns out that that's not correct, 168 00:15:20,580 --> 00:15:22,960 that if you go to four or five or more dimensions, 169 00:15:23,140 --> 00:15:25,220 it turns out that there are no stable orbits. 170 00:15:25,220 --> 00:15:27,780 Now, this means two things. 171 00:15:27,780 --> 00:15:32,720 Without, with more spatial dimensions, atoms are not stable. 172 00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:37,180 So the carbon and the nitrogen and the oxygen that life requires wouldn't exist. 173 00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:39,460 And planets are not stable. 174 00:15:39,580 --> 00:15:41,800 They cannot form stable orbits around stars. 175 00:15:41,940 --> 00:15:46,260 They either spiral very rapidly into the star or they spiral away from the star. 176 00:15:46,260 --> 00:15:53,220 And so you miss two of the key requirements for life if you have more than three spatial dimensions. 177 00:15:53,540 --> 00:15:57,340 You don't have the atoms that life requires and you don't have the planets that life requires. 178 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:03,060 Changing the number of time dimensions, that makes things even worse. 179 00:16:03,060 --> 00:16:09,660 Now, so if you look at this diagram here, just as you change the number of time dimensions, 180 00:16:09,660 --> 00:16:12,380 you get into a lot of these places where physics is unpredictable. 181 00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:15,720 Now, you may say, well, I don't know how to do physics. 182 00:16:15,920 --> 00:16:17,660 Why is it necessary for it to be predictable? 183 00:16:17,660 --> 00:16:23,020 Again, it turns out to be a more foundational principle than that. 184 00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:29,340 Because if physics isn't predictable, what that means is that measurements of what goes on right now 185 00:16:29,340 --> 00:16:35,460 tell you nothing about what's happened in the past and nothing and give you no insight as to what will go on in the future. 186 00:16:36,060 --> 00:16:41,320 So organisms that sense the environment and say there's food there and there's danger there, 187 00:16:41,740 --> 00:16:43,840 if physics is unpredictable, that's impossible. 188 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:51,040 And so, again, the key features that life requires do not exist in any kind of universe 189 00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:55,600 except for a universe with three large spatial dimensions and one time dimension. 190 00:16:57,480 --> 00:17:00,060 So now let's turn our attention to the laws of physics. 191 00:17:00,620 --> 00:17:05,400 Particularly, let's look at how carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen exist in the universe. 192 00:17:07,120 --> 00:17:10,980 To do that, we've got to look a little bit about how the universe has developed over time. 193 00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:17,980 So in Big Bang cosmology, after the first few minutes, the only elements that exist in the universe are hydrogen and helium. 194 00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:22,900 There's small amounts of lithium and beryllium, but for all intents and purposes, we can ignore that. 195 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:30,200 All the elements heavier than this, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, those are formed in the hearts of stars. 196 00:17:30,740 --> 00:17:32,360 So Lawrence Krauss is very much right. 197 00:17:32,620 --> 00:17:37,540 The carbon, the nitrogen, and oxygen in our bodies is the dust left over from stars. 198 00:17:37,540 --> 00:17:39,440 So we are made up of stardust. 199 00:17:41,140 --> 00:17:46,460 But as scientists have studied how well stars produced the carbon and the oxygen, 200 00:17:46,940 --> 00:17:51,180 they found huge deficiencies in how much they expected to be produced 201 00:17:51,180 --> 00:17:54,120 and how much was necessary for life to exist. 202 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:58,520 Unless some remarkable coincidences were true. 203 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:08,100 In particular, the difficulty of producing carbon is that three helium nuclei have to come together to make carbon. 204 00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:12,360 So carbon has six protons and six neutrons. 205 00:18:12,740 --> 00:18:15,280 Each helium has two protons and two neutrons. 206 00:18:15,740 --> 00:18:21,540 To get helium to come together to form carbon, you have to have three of them come together at the same time. 207 00:18:21,540 --> 00:18:26,880 And because it's three of them coming together at the same time, that's an incredibly slow reaction. 208 00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:34,800 However, as scientists look more closely, they recognize two important factors that allowed the formation of carbon. 209 00:18:35,780 --> 00:18:40,760 First, when two helium atoms come together, they can actually form a beryllium 8 nucleus. 210 00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:42,340 Just two of them stick together. 211 00:18:42,780 --> 00:18:45,500 Now, that beryllium 8 nucleus is not actually stable. 212 00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:50,580 So it doesn't stick around for a long time, but it does stick around for a while. 213 00:18:51,620 --> 00:18:58,320 What that means is that in order for carbon to be made, now another carbon just has to come and hit that beryllium nucleus. 214 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:00,180 That's a two-body reaction. 215 00:19:00,360 --> 00:19:01,880 That proceeds much more rapidly. 216 00:19:04,420 --> 00:19:09,500 So in order to form carbon, this beryllium 8 nucleus speeds up the reaction considerably. 217 00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:16,220 However, even with this metastable beryllium 8 nucleus, stars would not produce enough carbon. 218 00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:18,180 Something else was missing. 219 00:19:19,060 --> 00:19:24,120 And so one scientist working on the problem recognized a solution that would produce carbon rapidly enough. 220 00:19:24,860 --> 00:19:30,960 If carbon had a particularly energy level just above its ground state, so if this is its ground state, 221 00:19:31,060 --> 00:19:36,260 it had an energy level just a little bit higher, then the reaction would proceed much more rapidly. 222 00:19:36,260 --> 00:19:46,960 Now, this energy level was unknown at the time, but scientists have subsequently studied this prediction made by Fred Hoyle 223 00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:49,180 and found that, lo and behold, it indeed existed. 224 00:19:50,540 --> 00:19:55,640 And so without this stable beryllium 8 nucleus and a finely tuned energy level for carbon, 225 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:58,120 the universe would produce insufficient carbon. 226 00:20:00,220 --> 00:20:06,040 Yet in order for the universe to contain sufficient carbon, one more coincidence was necessary. 227 00:20:06,260 --> 00:20:10,740 So if you take carbon and add one more helium nucleus to it, it'll make oxygen. 228 00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:16,460 If oxygen had this same kind of energy state where here's oxygen in its ground state, 229 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:22,700 and there's this energy level right above, then all of the carbon would have been converted into oxygen. 230 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:24,960 And again, you end up with a universe with no carbon. 231 00:20:25,660 --> 00:20:30,480 And it turns out that the oxygen energy level was just below its ground state. 232 00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:32,520 And so therefore, it doesn't exist. 233 00:20:33,340 --> 00:20:36,000 And so what you end up with is three coincidences. 234 00:20:36,480 --> 00:20:38,980 The beryllium 8 is just stable enough. 235 00:20:39,260 --> 00:20:40,800 It's not stable for a long time. 236 00:20:40,860 --> 00:20:42,080 That would have used up all the helium. 237 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:45,240 But it's stable enough that another helium can come in. 238 00:20:45,880 --> 00:20:50,240 And carbon has just the right energy level so that that reaction proceeds rapidly. 239 00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:54,640 And oxygen doesn't have that level, so it doesn't proceed very rapidly at all. 240 00:20:56,060 --> 00:21:03,200 And all three of those put together those amazing coincidences allow a universe with lots of carbon and oxygen in it. 241 00:21:03,780 --> 00:21:07,900 In fact, Fred Hoyle was the scientist who did a lot of the work discovering this. 242 00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:15,900 And his quote that I put up earlier about how a superintellect has monkeyed with physics as well as with chemistry and biology 243 00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:20,680 was in response to recognizing these three amazing coincidences. 244 00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:29,320 Now, I've used the term coincidences, but I really think that the universe is designed to produce the carbon and oxygen that life requires. 245 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:42,740 So let's turn our attention to, so similar design features also enable the universe to have the necessary hydrogen for life. 246 00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:46,360 And again, consider what happens in the early moments of the universe. 247 00:21:46,460 --> 00:21:47,600 There's only hydrogen and helium. 248 00:21:48,180 --> 00:21:53,620 But in those first few moments, the universe is hot enough that hydrogen can come together and make helium. 249 00:21:53,620 --> 00:22:01,120 And it just, it takes, it just adds one more nuclear, one more proton or neutron, and eventually it builds it up. 250 00:22:01,540 --> 00:22:04,040 And it turns out that hydrogen has one proton. 251 00:22:04,340 --> 00:22:06,880 There's a form of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron. 252 00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:08,620 One proton or three neutrons. 253 00:22:09,540 --> 00:22:15,260 You can have a couple of different forms of helium that have up to four, you know, two protons and two neutrons. 254 00:22:15,260 --> 00:22:22,600 And it turns out that there is not an atom with a, that has five, where you add protons and neutrons and get to five. 255 00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:30,840 Because if there were, in those earliest moments of the universe, all of the helium, or all of the hydrogen, would have been fused into these heavier elements. 256 00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:35,840 In fact, there's not a, there's not a five-nucleon element, and there's not an eight-nucleon element. 257 00:22:36,620 --> 00:22:40,860 And because of that, most of the hydrogen is left in the universe. 258 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:44,580 It only, it's 75% of the hydrogen, or the atoms in the universe are hydrogen. 259 00:22:44,580 --> 00:22:51,740 If there was a five-nucleon atom, or an eight-nucleon atom, all of the hydrogen would have been fused into something else. 260 00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:53,480 And with no hydrogen, you get no water. 261 00:22:53,480 --> 00:23:04,800 So if we take a look at how the strong nuclear interaction, the strong nuclear interaction, that's what determines how protons and neutrons join together. 262 00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:09,140 And the electromagnetic, that's what determines how charges interact. 263 00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:10,600 You can make a diagram. 264 00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:12,960 And don't get hung up in all the details of the diagram. 265 00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:23,600 I just want you to notice this, that if you ask the question, where do all the conditions necessary for life to exist in the universe, where are they all met? 266 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,960 It turns out, if you're down here, carbon is unstable. 267 00:23:27,340 --> 00:23:28,920 Clearly, that's not sufficient for life. 268 00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:33,020 Up here, you only have atoms that move close to the speed of light. 269 00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:34,880 They're really not conducive to life. 270 00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:40,640 Up here, all of the protons would be joined together, and you would have no hydrogen left. 271 00:23:40,640 --> 00:23:48,100 It turns out that when you do all of the calculations, the only place where all the conditions for life is met are this little, teeny, tiny region. 272 00:23:49,620 --> 00:23:59,280 Of all the different ways we could envision the laws of physics being put together, only a small range allows the elements that life requires. 273 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:06,060 And so this really looks like we live in a universe that is designed to support life. 274 00:24:06,060 --> 00:24:12,080 And this points to design, and that there is a creator who fashioned the universe for a purpose. 275 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:16,180 So let's look a little closer to home. 276 00:24:18,820 --> 00:24:21,600 We see evidence of design in the moon that orbits the Earth. 277 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:26,140 Not only is it pretty to look at at the night, but it actually is important. 278 00:24:26,140 --> 00:24:30,860 Now, Jupiter and Saturn both have satellites that are larger than Earth's moon. 279 00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:36,160 But when compared to the size of its host planet, Earth's moon is in a class by itself. 280 00:24:37,460 --> 00:24:42,100 The large size of the moon plays an important role in Earth's capacity to support life. 281 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:45,060 The moon stabilizes the rotation axis. 282 00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:47,060 Earth rotates around an axis. 283 00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:51,380 And the moon stabilizes that rotation axis so it doesn't flip around. 284 00:24:52,120 --> 00:24:55,820 Without such a large moon, the Earth's rotation axis would wobble, 285 00:24:55,900 --> 00:24:59,940 and that would cause catastrophic and violent changes to the Earth's climate. 286 00:25:00,820 --> 00:25:06,820 The moon prevents this wobble, and the Earth has maintained a climate conducive to life for billions of years. 287 00:25:06,820 --> 00:25:14,060 Perhaps more importantly, the size of the moon also provides the critical heat 288 00:25:14,060 --> 00:25:17,440 that enables the planet to have tectonic activity. 289 00:25:18,220 --> 00:25:20,880 You know, we think of earthquakes and volcanoes as bad, 290 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:27,560 but they're just evidence of this tectonic activity that is crucial for regulating the climate of the Earth 291 00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:31,200 as well as building the continents where the bulk of life live. 292 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:35,400 And the gravitational tug of the sun and the moon and the Earth 293 00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:39,860 heats up Earth's interior, causing it to flex and stretch and compress, 294 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:43,500 and this heat drives the plate tectonics on Earth's surface. 295 00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:48,300 As scientists seek to understand how the Earth acquired such a large moon, 296 00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:53,060 they recognize that it took a remarkable collision early in Earth's history. 297 00:25:53,860 --> 00:25:56,540 This collision needed to happen at just the right speed, 298 00:25:57,180 --> 00:25:58,480 at just the right time, 299 00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:00,220 at just the right angle, 300 00:26:00,220 --> 00:26:02,280 and with just the right sized object. 301 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:04,820 It really is an unusual collision. 302 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:09,140 The moon looks designed so that Earth's going to support life, 303 00:26:09,860 --> 00:26:12,940 and it also looks like the Earth is just the right size 304 00:26:12,940 --> 00:26:16,240 so that tectonic activity is not too large or too small. 305 00:26:16,860 --> 00:26:19,140 If it were larger, the plates would be too thick, 306 00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:21,160 and the tectonic activity would be too small. 307 00:26:21,620 --> 00:26:24,600 If it were any smaller, the plates would be much thinner, 308 00:26:24,940 --> 00:26:26,960 and the tectonic activity would be too great. 309 00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:29,900 We live on a planet with just the right size 310 00:26:29,900 --> 00:26:32,340 so that the tectonic activity is just right. 311 00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:37,220 I want to mention one more piece of evidence for design 312 00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:41,060 that we see when we look inside the cell. 313 00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:45,620 When we study the genetic code, 314 00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:47,460 we see that it's made up of four compounds 315 00:26:47,460 --> 00:26:49,500 represented by the letters UCA and G, 316 00:26:49,580 --> 00:26:51,340 and I'm not going to go into all the details of that. 317 00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:53,500 I'm going to look at it from a computer programming standpoint. 318 00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:56,920 So these letters come in groups of three 319 00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,280 that specify the production of amino acids. 320 00:27:00,660 --> 00:27:02,420 The sequences of three letters 321 00:27:02,420 --> 00:27:04,000 where each letter has four options 322 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:06,500 means that there are 64 different possibilities, 323 00:27:07,040 --> 00:27:08,320 so four times four times four. 324 00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,660 But there are only 20 different amino acids involved in life, 325 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:15,400 so this means that different combinations of three 326 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:17,840 will produce the same amino acids. 327 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:20,760 So if you look here, there's different combinations, 328 00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:23,780 and you can have two different ones produce phenylalanine 329 00:27:23,780 --> 00:27:24,600 and there's leucine, 330 00:27:24,700 --> 00:27:26,660 and you can see that there's some redundancy there. 331 00:27:27,060 --> 00:27:28,340 Different combinations of letters 332 00:27:28,340 --> 00:27:29,980 still produce the same amino acid. 333 00:27:31,620 --> 00:27:36,980 So scientists go on further. 334 00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:39,920 The amino acid sequences determines how proteins will fold. 335 00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:42,380 And sometimes different amino acids 336 00:27:42,380 --> 00:27:44,420 will still produce the same protein folding. 337 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:46,680 And so that's really kind of the big thing, 338 00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:48,560 is do we get the right protein folding? 339 00:27:48,560 --> 00:27:51,300 And so scientists can then ask the question, 340 00:27:51,500 --> 00:27:53,500 how well does this genetic code 341 00:27:53,500 --> 00:27:56,540 ensure that proteins fold properly 342 00:27:56,540 --> 00:27:58,140 and function properly, 343 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:00,400 even with mutations in the specific letters? 344 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:02,020 Because we live in an environment 345 00:28:02,020 --> 00:28:03,540 where mutations are going to happen. 346 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:06,180 And so given that mutations are going to happen, 347 00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:09,440 how well does this code do what it's supposed to do? 348 00:28:10,820 --> 00:28:12,960 Well, the short answer is this. 349 00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:15,320 Our genetic code is one in a million. 350 00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:17,780 If you ask how many different ways 351 00:28:17,780 --> 00:28:19,400 could you produce a genetic code 352 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:22,840 that corrects errors, 353 00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:24,440 this is one in a million 354 00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:26,760 in its ability to correct errors. 355 00:28:27,220 --> 00:28:28,360 Not only that, 356 00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,080 it can carry multiple layers of code as well. 357 00:28:32,260 --> 00:28:34,380 And I know from a computer programming standpoint, 358 00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:37,440 error correcting in a code is incredibly important, 359 00:28:37,820 --> 00:28:39,980 especially when you're carrying multiple lines of code. 360 00:28:40,060 --> 00:28:41,820 That's very sophisticated programming. 361 00:28:41,820 --> 00:28:43,580 And that looks like his design. 362 00:28:43,780 --> 00:28:45,140 You know, so I'm just kind of reminded 363 00:28:45,140 --> 00:28:46,400 of Francis Crick's statement. 364 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:49,060 Biologists must constantly keep in mind 365 00:28:49,060 --> 00:28:50,740 that what they see was not designed, 366 00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:51,700 but rather evolved. 367 00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:54,860 I guess I disagree. 368 00:28:55,060 --> 00:28:56,440 When scientists look at the universe, 369 00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:58,300 they see evidence of fine-tuning and design. 370 00:28:59,020 --> 00:29:01,200 They see fine-tuning in the fabric of space, 371 00:29:01,460 --> 00:29:03,700 in the form of the strength of the laws of physics, 372 00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:04,640 in the size of the moon, 373 00:29:05,100 --> 00:29:05,900 the genetic code, 374 00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:07,300 and many of the others I've not mentioned. 375 00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:10,120 It seems to me more reasonable to conclude 376 00:29:10,120 --> 00:29:11,280 that where we see design, 377 00:29:11,360 --> 00:29:12,440 a designer exists, 378 00:29:12,780 --> 00:29:14,520 and that that designer created the universe 379 00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:15,520 to support humanity. 380 00:29:19,020 --> 00:29:21,180 Now, third point 381 00:29:21,180 --> 00:29:25,680 is that the laws of, 382 00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:28,480 or when you look at the requirements for science, 383 00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:32,520 there are philosophical assumptions you have to make. 384 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,380 And you have to ask the question, 385 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:37,140 what worldview anchors all of those assumptions? 386 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:39,680 And I'm just going to go through them rapidly, 387 00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:42,320 but the bottom line is going to be this. 388 00:29:42,340 --> 00:29:43,980 As I have looked at the Christian faith, 389 00:29:44,060 --> 00:29:46,920 I know that it anchors all of these presuppositions 390 00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:49,280 that you have to do for doing science. 391 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:51,180 And so anybody who wants to say, 392 00:29:51,260 --> 00:29:53,320 oh, science supports my worldview, 393 00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:54,460 has to ask the question, 394 00:29:54,460 --> 00:29:56,220 does your worldview anchor 395 00:29:56,220 --> 00:29:59,380 all the necessary presuppositions for science? 396 00:30:00,060 --> 00:30:01,580 The laws of physics must be uniform 397 00:30:01,580 --> 00:30:02,940 throughout the physical universe. 398 00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:07,240 The physical universe is a distinct objective reality, 399 00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:09,540 not something that's just an illusion. 400 00:30:10,340 --> 00:30:11,980 The laws of nature exhibit order, 401 00:30:12,140 --> 00:30:13,280 patterns, and regularity. 402 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:14,600 I think of Greek mythology 403 00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:17,540 where Zeus gets upset and throws lightning bolts. 404 00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:19,720 That's not real conducive to science developing. 405 00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:23,120 The physical universe must be intelligible. 406 00:30:23,860 --> 00:30:26,880 The world is an object of rational study 407 00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:28,160 because it's not divine 408 00:30:28,160 --> 00:30:29,560 and therefore an object of worship. 409 00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:33,920 The world is good and valuable and worthy of study. 410 00:30:34,340 --> 00:30:36,660 I remember reading about Siddhartha Gautama 411 00:30:36,660 --> 00:30:40,400 and how genuine enlightenment came from being detached from the world. 412 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:42,380 Well, if you want to be detached from the world, 413 00:30:42,460 --> 00:30:44,480 why would you want to study it and figure out how it works? 414 00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:47,500 You know, the free agency of a creator 415 00:30:47,500 --> 00:30:49,400 necessitates empirical methods, 416 00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:51,020 that God could have done things different 417 00:30:51,020 --> 00:30:53,020 and so we have to measure what he actually did. 418 00:30:53,020 --> 00:30:56,440 God encourages, in fact, 419 00:30:56,740 --> 00:30:59,200 tells us to take dominion over the natural world. 420 00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:00,980 That encourages and propels science. 421 00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:03,280 Intellectual virtues essential to science 422 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:04,720 are part of God's moral law. 423 00:31:05,920 --> 00:31:08,860 Perhaps most important is that humans possess 424 00:31:08,860 --> 00:31:11,860 an ability to discover the universe's intelligibility. 425 00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:13,520 I ask the question, 426 00:31:13,620 --> 00:31:15,820 does this make sense if atheism is true? 427 00:31:15,820 --> 00:31:19,700 I'm reminded of a quote by C.S. Lewis 428 00:31:19,700 --> 00:31:21,240 that I think summarizes it well. 429 00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:22,360 It says, 430 00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:24,980 As if the solar system was brought about 431 00:31:24,980 --> 00:31:26,420 by an accidental collision, 432 00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:30,100 then the appearance of organisms, 433 00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:32,940 organic life on this planet 434 00:31:32,940 --> 00:31:34,480 was also an accident. 435 00:31:35,020 --> 00:31:37,580 And the whole evolution of man was an accident too. 436 00:31:38,460 --> 00:31:41,980 If so, then all our present thoughts are mere accidents, 437 00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:44,980 the accidental byproduct of the movement of atoms. 438 00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:47,840 And this holds for the thoughts of the materialists 439 00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:49,940 and astronomers as well as for anyone else's. 440 00:31:49,940 --> 00:31:52,180 But if their thoughts, 441 00:31:52,380 --> 00:31:54,060 i.e. of materialism and astronomy, 442 00:31:54,540 --> 00:31:56,900 are merely accidental byproducts, 443 00:31:57,220 --> 00:31:59,420 why should we believe them to be true? 444 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:03,780 I see no reason for believing that one accident 445 00:32:03,780 --> 00:32:05,800 should be able to give me a correct account 446 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:06,960 of all the other accidents. 447 00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:10,840 If my brain is just an accident, 448 00:32:11,540 --> 00:32:14,200 why should it be able to describe the rest of the universe? 449 00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:18,360 Given these assumptions 450 00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:20,440 or philosophical presuppositions 451 00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:21,460 of the scientific enterprise, 452 00:32:21,580 --> 00:32:22,460 one should ask the question, 453 00:32:22,620 --> 00:32:24,540 what worldviews properly anchor 454 00:32:24,540 --> 00:32:26,300 these philosophical presuppositions? 455 00:32:28,460 --> 00:32:29,820 A theistic worldview 456 00:32:29,820 --> 00:32:31,400 where God creates humanity 457 00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:33,000 with a purpose and a moral code 458 00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:34,640 and a desire to worship and know God, 459 00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:36,720 that does anchor all those assumptions. 460 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:38,920 I'm not saying that a scientist 461 00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:40,820 must be a theist to do science, 462 00:32:41,080 --> 00:32:42,380 but I am saying 463 00:32:42,380 --> 00:32:44,320 that a scientist must adopt 464 00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:45,560 a worldview of a theistic 465 00:32:45,560 --> 00:32:47,320 for the scientific enterprise 466 00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:48,940 to progress consistently 467 00:32:48,940 --> 00:32:49,980 and to do it over time. 468 00:32:54,940 --> 00:32:57,100 So, we live in a universe 469 00:32:57,100 --> 00:32:58,620 where the scientific description 470 00:32:58,620 --> 00:33:00,160 matches that revealed by God. 471 00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:01,200 We live in a universe 472 00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:02,880 that's designed to support life, 473 00:33:02,940 --> 00:33:03,940 and we live in a universe 474 00:33:03,940 --> 00:33:06,520 where a theistic worldview 475 00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:08,720 anchors all the presuppositions of science. 476 00:33:09,020 --> 00:33:09,840 To me, that says 477 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:11,280 the latest scientific evidence 478 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:13,020 or our scientific understanding 479 00:33:13,020 --> 00:33:13,600 of the universe 480 00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:15,180 is best described 481 00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:16,540 or best accounted for 482 00:33:16,540 --> 00:33:17,940 by a theistic worldview, 483 00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:19,180 and that points to a God 484 00:33:19,180 --> 00:33:20,100 who created everything. 485 00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:21,380 Thank you very much. 486 00:33:21,380 --> 00:33:22,380 applause 487 00:33:22,380 --> 00:33:23,380 applause