WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:29.980 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 00:30.000 --> 00:59.980 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:00.000 --> 01:02.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:02.000 --> 01:04.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:04.000 --> 01:06.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:06.000 --> 01:08.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:08.000 --> 01:10.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:10.000 --> 01:12.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:12.000 --> 01:14.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 01:14.000 --> 01:44.000 01:44.000 --> 02:14.000 02:14.000 --> 02:16.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 02:16.000 --> 02:18.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 02:18.000 --> 02:48.000 02:48.000 --> 02:50.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 02:50.000 --> 02:52.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 02:52.000 --> 02:54.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 02:54.000 --> 02:56.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 02:56.000 --> 02:58.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 02:58.000 --> 03:00.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 03:00.000 --> 03:02.000 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 03:02.000 --> 03:04.000 . 03:04.000 --> 03:05.000 . 03:05.000 --> 03:06.000 . 03:06.000 --> 03:07.000 . 03:07.000 --> 03:08.000 . 03:08.000 --> 03:09.000 . 03:09.000 --> 03:10.000 . 03:10.000 --> 03:11.000 . 03:11.000 --> 03:12.000 . 03:12.000 --> 03:13.000 . 03:13.000 --> 03:14.000 . 03:14.000 --> 03:15.000 . 03:15.000 --> 03:16.000 . 03:16.000 --> 03:17.000 . 03:17.000 --> 03:18.000 . 03:18.000 --> 03:19.000 . 03:19.000 --> 03:20.000 . 03:20.000 --> 03:21.000 . 03:21.000 --> 03:22.000 . 03:22.000 --> 03:23.000 . 03:23.000 --> 03:24.000 . 03:24.000 --> 03:25.000 . 03:25.000 --> 03:26.000 . 03:26.000 --> 03:56.000 03:56.000 --> 04:25.980 İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim. 04:26.000 --> 04:30.980 Today we are learning the language in which God created life. 04:31.520 --> 04:37.940 We are gaining ever more awe for the complexity, the beauty, the wonder of God's most divine and sacred gift. 04:38.580 --> 04:44.060 With this profound new knowledge, humankind is on the verge of gaining immense new power to heal. 04:44.760 --> 04:50.520 Genome science will have a real impact on all of our lives, and even more on the lives of our children. 04:50.520 --> 04:56.320 It will revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases. 04:57.320 --> 05:02.280 Truly, President Clinton appreciated the significance of having the sequence for the human genome. 05:03.120 --> 05:10.180 He even went so far as to describe the human genome sequence as the language God used to create life. 05:10.180 --> 05:20.940 Yet the initial analysis of the human genome sequence indicated to many scientists that the human genome was anything but the product of a creator's handiwork. 05:21.400 --> 05:33.060 Instead of being the language God used to create human life, it appeared to many scientists that the human genome was cobbled together over hundreds of millions of years by evolutionary processes, 05:33.060 --> 05:38.540 with much of the human genome riddled with molecular fossils, vestiges of an evolutionary history. 05:39.220 --> 05:44.480 Many scientists would argue that the human genome stands as the most powerful evidence for human evolution, 05:44.880 --> 05:50.680 while at the same time indicating that God had nothing to do whatsoever with humanity's origin. 05:51.760 --> 05:56.560 In the next few minutes, I'll explain why these scientists reached these conclusions, 05:56.560 --> 06:03.740 but then I'm going to describe some recent insights into the structure and function of the human genome 06:03.740 --> 06:07.680 that is radically changing our perspective on the human genetic blueprint 06:07.680 --> 06:13.960 in a way that presents the genetic code of humanity as the handiwork of God. 06:14.700 --> 06:20.280 Let's begin first by having a little background information on the structure of DNA. 06:20.280 --> 06:26.700 This biomolecule consists of chain-like molecules known as polynucleotides. 06:27.240 --> 06:34.600 Two polynucleotide chains align in an anti-parallel fashion to form a DNA molecule. 06:35.740 --> 06:38.380 The two strands are arranged parallel to one another, 06:38.380 --> 06:46.660 with the starting point of one strand in the polynucleotide duplex located next to the ending point of the other strand, and vice versa. 06:46.660 --> 06:50.220 The paired polynucleotide chains resemble a ladder, 06:50.760 --> 06:55.580 with the side groups extending from the backbone interacting with each other to form rungs. 06:56.180 --> 07:01.920 The coupled polynucleotide chains twist around each other, forming the well-known DNA double helix. 07:02.660 --> 07:09.520 The cell's machinery forms polynucleotide chains by linking together four different subunit molecules called nucleotides. 07:09.520 --> 07:16.100 The four nucleotides used to build DNA chains are adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and thymidine, 07:16.440 --> 07:19.700 famously abbreviated A, G, C, and T, respectively. 07:20.740 --> 07:26.060 The human genome consists of 3.2 billion genetic letters 07:26.060 --> 07:30.100 that are distributed among 24 discrete DNA molecules. 07:30.700 --> 07:35.220 These molecules interact with proteins to form complexes called chromosomes. 07:35.220 --> 07:39.760 These structures become visible in the cell nucleus as the cell divides. 07:40.400 --> 07:47.100 Each chromosome consists of a single DNA molecule that wraps around a series of globular protein complexes. 07:47.880 --> 07:55.760 These wrapped complexes repeat to form a supermolecular structure that resembles a string of beads. 07:56.300 --> 07:58.700 Biochemists call the beads nucleosomes. 07:58.700 --> 08:06.360 The chain of nucleosomes further coil to form a structure called a solenoid. 08:07.060 --> 08:12.180 The solenoid condenses to form higher-order structures that constitute the chromosome. 08:12.900 --> 08:18.460 Between cell division events, the chromosome exists in an extended diffuse form that is not detectable. 08:18.980 --> 08:26.120 Prior to and during cell division, the chromosome condenses to form its readily recognizable compact structures. 08:26.120 --> 08:33.560 All the genetic material in the cell's nucleus is distributed among the chromosomes. 08:34.180 --> 08:39.080 The number of chromosomes in each cell is characteristic of a particular species. 08:39.800 --> 08:44.360 For example, the nucleus of each cell of a chimpanzee possesses 48 chromosomes, 08:45.000 --> 08:48.640 and for humans, the nucleus of every cell possesses 46. 08:48.640 --> 08:56.080 The human genome is comprised of 22 autosomes, numbered from 1 to 22 based on size, 08:56.880 --> 09:00.760 with chromosome 1 being the longest and chromosome 22 being the shortest. 09:01.420 --> 09:04.500 There are also two sex chromosomes dubbed X and Y. 09:05.100 --> 09:08.240 Every cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes, 09:08.640 --> 09:11.060 one set from the mother and one set from the father. 09:11.200 --> 09:16.480 The set is made up of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome, either X or Y. 09:16.480 --> 09:23.700 One of the surprises about the human genome came shortly after the rough draft sequence was produced. 09:24.460 --> 09:30.580 The initial analysis indicated that only about 20,000 genes are found in the human genome. 09:31.060 --> 09:36.620 This was a far cry from the predicted number of at minimally 100,000 genes. 09:37.500 --> 09:44.100 This meant that less than 2% of the human genome coded for proteins, the workhorse molecules of the cell. 09:44.100 --> 09:49.480 Evolutionary biologists interpreted the rest of the human genome as junk DNA. 09:50.560 --> 09:57.500 Evolutionary biologists argue that most of the human genome looks like it was derived from retroviral infections. 09:58.180 --> 10:02.960 Also included in the human genome are non-functional genes dubbed pseudogenes, 10:03.020 --> 10:05.240 along with other types of evolutionary debris. 10:06.260 --> 10:10.240 At first glance, the human genome looks like a vast wasteland of junk. 10:10.240 --> 10:12.660 And, of course, this begs the question, 10:13.420 --> 10:17.160 why would a creator make a human genome with so much useless DNA? 10:18.660 --> 10:24.520 In Psalm 8, one of my favorite passages in the Old Testament, David asks the question, 10:25.160 --> 10:29.380 what is mankind that you are mindful of them, human beings that you care for them? 10:29.960 --> 10:36.580 David answers his own question by remembering the Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 creation accounts for humanity's origin. 10:36.580 --> 10:56.580 Given David's words, a human genome littered with garbage is not what one would expect if human beings are the crown of creation, 10:57.080 --> 11:01.500 but it's exactly what one would predict if evolution cobbled together the human genome. 11:01.500 --> 11:08.700 For evolutionary biologists, a high level of junk DNA in the human genome also provides resolution 11:08.700 --> 11:14.220 to something called the C-value paradox, adding, presumably, to the case for evolution. 11:15.800 --> 11:22.160 The C-value paradox traces its origin back to the late 1960s and early 1970s. 11:22.660 --> 11:29.360 At that time, biochemists developed techniques to quantify the amount of DNA found in individual cells. 11:29.360 --> 11:35.640 They used these techniques to measure the amount of DNA in different cell types comprising an organism. 11:36.160 --> 11:41.100 For example, human beings have approximately 210 cell types that make up our bodies. 11:41.780 --> 11:45.280 Biochemists were interested in the amount of DNA in each of these cell types. 11:45.840 --> 11:51.840 For every organism studied, biochemists found that all the cells in their body contain the same amount of DNA. 11:52.640 --> 11:56.300 They dubbed this the C-value, where C stands for constant. 11:56.300 --> 12:01.620 The C-value refers to the constant amount of DNA found in each of an organism's cells. 12:02.380 --> 12:11.140 At that time, biochemists thought that the amount of DNA should correspond to the complexity of the organism. 12:11.640 --> 12:17.200 More complex organisms should have more DNA, and less complex organisms should have less DNA. 12:17.200 --> 12:27.400 When biochemists plotted C-values for different organisms, they failed to discover any relationship between complexity and the quantity of DNA in an organism's cells. 12:28.120 --> 12:31.600 The discovery of junk DNA resolved the C-value paradox. 12:32.340 --> 12:39.080 Accordingly, most of an organism's genome consisted of junk DNA, which accumulated through random events. 12:39.620 --> 12:44.540 As a result, the C-value varied from an organism to organism with no rhyme or reason. 12:44.540 --> 12:49.680 In other words, the size of an organism's genome has no relationship to complexity. 12:50.300 --> 12:53.340 It is just the vestiges of an unguided evolutionary history. 12:54.060 --> 13:01.660 And again, this begs the question, why would an all-powerful, all-knowing God create genomes with more junk than functional DNA? 13:02.480 --> 13:10.460 And even more problematic, why would organisms that naturally group together possess identical or nearly identical junk DNA sequences 13:10.460 --> 13:13.300 at corresponding locations in their genomes? 13:13.300 --> 13:18.920 On the surface, the explanation that seems to make the most sense is an evolutionary one. 13:19.520 --> 13:24.800 Junk DNA sequences arose in the shared evolutionary ancestor and persisted in the genomes 13:24.800 --> 13:29.240 as the different evolutionary lineages diverged from a common ancestor. 13:29.760 --> 13:36.380 In other words, junk DNA sequences in our genome and the genomes of other organisms reflect our evolutionary history 13:36.380 --> 13:39.340 and can be used to map evolutionary relationships. 13:39.340 --> 13:47.180 Yet, over the course of a past decade, molecular biologists and geneticists have made discoveries 13:47.180 --> 13:51.940 that are forcing us to rethink this evolutionary view of the human genome. 13:52.340 --> 13:59.160 Bit by bit, researchers have discovered that most of the classes of junk DNA actually have function. 13:59.860 --> 14:04.320 And of course, if junk DNA is functional, it undermines the case for evolution. 14:04.320 --> 14:09.940 One could argue that these shared sequences of junk DNA that are actually functional, 14:09.940 --> 14:17.260 that occur in corresponding locations in genomes, actually reflect common design, not common descent. 14:18.320 --> 14:26.300 The case for design in the human genome virtually became stronger overnight thanks to the ENCODE project. 14:26.300 --> 14:31.220 This project was initiated shortly after the human genome was sequenced. 14:31.560 --> 14:37.200 It became immediately apparent that simply having the DNA sequence for the human genome was not enough. 14:37.580 --> 14:40.580 There had to be some means to interpret the human genome. 14:41.380 --> 14:44.500 Nobody knew how to read the 3.2 billion genetic letters. 14:46.100 --> 14:48.860 We needed a Rosetta Stone for the human genome. 14:49.540 --> 14:51.700 Hence, the ENCODE project was born. 14:51.700 --> 14:56.880 Its goal to identify all the functional elements in the human genome. 14:57.480 --> 15:00.460 ENCODE stands for the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements. 15:00.960 --> 15:03.500 This project began in the early 2000s. 15:03.840 --> 15:07.320 The pilot phase cost $55 million to tarry out. 15:07.320 --> 15:13.900 The research consortium attempted to identify all the functional elements in 1% of the human genome. 15:14.620 --> 15:17.680 The success with phase 1 led to phase 2. 15:17.680 --> 15:23.360 Phase 2 cost $130 million and was completed in September of 2012. 15:24.320 --> 15:29.660 Phase 3 is currently underway and the total cost for the ENCODE project will be about $300 million. 15:30.420 --> 15:36.160 This is actually a bargain because it cost $3.2 billion to sequence the human genome. 15:36.160 --> 15:42.680 So we'll be able to interpret the human genome for a mere tenth of the cost of actually sequencing the human genome. 15:43.380 --> 15:46.520 The ENCODE project was big science come to biology. 15:46.520 --> 15:53.860 The phase 2 project consisted of 440 scientists and 32 research groups around the world 15:53.860 --> 16:03.700 who performed almost 1,700 experiments analyzing 147 human cell types generating 15 times 10 to the 12 bytes of data 16:03.700 --> 16:08.660 and it required 300 years of supercomputer time to analyze the data. 16:08.660 --> 16:16.500 The ENCODE consortium produced 40 publications distributed among some of the leading biology journals in the world. 16:17.140 --> 16:21.520 Phase 3 of the ENCODE project will survey the remaining 63 cell types 16:21.520 --> 16:28.080 and also look for functional DNA at different points in development and at different points in the cell cycle. 16:28.080 --> 16:37.520 This project will take us a long way towards understanding fundamentally human biology and human uniqueness. 16:38.280 --> 16:41.640 It will help us to understand disease processes better. 16:42.840 --> 16:48.040 It will help us to develop genetic tools that will allow us to diagnose genetic disorders. 16:48.040 --> 16:55.880 The insights coming from the ENCODE project also impact this creation evolution controversy that we've been talking about. 16:56.380 --> 17:03.460 These results eliminate the best argument for evolution and eliminate the biggest challenge to biochemical design. 17:03.460 --> 17:06.740 So what did ENCODE discover that was so important? 17:06.740 --> 17:15.780 Well, these researchers performed six assays measuring transcription, the binding of transcription factors, histone binding, 17:16.260 --> 17:21.000 modified histone binding, methylation, and three-dimensional interactions within the genome. 17:21.380 --> 17:25.940 All of these processes play a key role in what's called gene expression. 17:26.960 --> 17:29.820 It's one thing to know what genes are present in the genome. 17:30.360 --> 17:33.620 It's another thing to know how and when those genes are used. 17:33.620 --> 17:38.200 We can think of genes in the genome like being words in a dictionary. 17:39.020 --> 17:44.340 To write a novel, one needs to use the words in the dictionary in a variety of combinations, 17:44.620 --> 17:46.760 often using words more than one time. 17:47.260 --> 17:54.100 Each novel uses words from the dictionary in a different way to produce pieces of literature that communicate different meanings. 17:55.200 --> 17:58.720 The set of genes found in the human genome are like words in the dictionary. 17:59.460 --> 18:02.500 These genes can be used to build cells in the human body. 18:02.500 --> 18:04.820 with the cells functioning like novels. 18:05.380 --> 18:11.440 The genes are used or expressed differently from cell to cell, accounting for each cell type's unique features. 18:12.300 --> 18:18.000 Gene expression not only differs from cell to cell, it also changes throughout the course of the cell cycle 18:18.000 --> 18:19.800 and during growth and development. 18:20.500 --> 18:27.340 Each stage of the cell cycle, each stage of development represents a different novel that needs to be written. 18:28.300 --> 18:31.080 And here is the remarkable piece of the ENCODE project. 18:31.080 --> 18:38.340 It appears as if most of the DNA sequences found in the human genome are regulating gene expression needed to build 18:38.340 --> 18:40.540 and then maintain the human organism. 18:41.120 --> 18:47.300 Phase 2 of the ENCODE project reported that 80% of the human genome displays biochemical activity 18:47.300 --> 18:49.920 that likely reflects biochemical function. 18:50.560 --> 18:58.080 The ENCODE scientists expect that as phase 3 is completed, 80% of the functionality will turn into 100%. 18:58.080 --> 19:03.960 Ed Young, who wrote in an article in Discover Magazine, said this, 19:03.960 --> 19:06.100 and what's in the remaining 20%? 19:06.500 --> 19:09.620 Possibly not junk either, according to you and Bernie. 19:10.040 --> 19:16.680 It's likely that 80% will go to 100%, and Bernie serves as the head of the ENCODE project consortium. 19:17.580 --> 19:21.560 In other words, the human genome doesn't appear to be a wasteland of junk. 19:21.560 --> 19:23.440 It appears to be functional. 19:24.720 --> 19:29.720 Most of the DNA sequences of the human genome play a role in making us human beings. 19:30.220 --> 19:35.060 This insight stands as a radical revision of our view of the human genome. 19:35.440 --> 19:42.120 It's not a wasteland of junk, but an elegant biochemical system that is far more complex than we initially imagined. 19:42.820 --> 19:45.700 Well, how have biologists responded to the ENCODE results? 19:45.700 --> 19:55.580 Within hours of the publication of the ENCODE results, evolutionary biologists began to decry the ENCODE project, 19:55.940 --> 20:00.560 citing technical issues with the way the study was designed and the way the results were interpreted. 20:01.160 --> 20:06.300 These technical complaints continue today, igniting what are called the junk DNA wars 20:06.300 --> 20:09.700 between evolutionary biologists and genomic scientists. 20:09.700 --> 20:15.720 Evolutionary biologists argue that if the results of the ENCODE project are correct, 20:16.320 --> 20:22.880 then cornerstone ideas in the evolutionary theory, such as the C-value paradox, can't be correct. 20:23.820 --> 20:27.860 On other hand, genomic scientists see value in the ENCODE results, 20:28.240 --> 20:31.180 using them to understand the genetic basis for disease. 20:31.740 --> 20:35.600 Evolutionary biologists have roundly criticized ENCODE scientists, 20:35.600 --> 20:40.200 claiming them to be incompetent and decrying the design of the ENCODE assays. 20:40.660 --> 20:43.680 Evolutionary biologists claim that if ENCODE is correct, 20:44.140 --> 20:47.780 then key aspects of the evolutionary paradigm are in deep trouble. 20:48.500 --> 20:50.740 But these critics are doing science backwards. 20:51.660 --> 20:54.280 Instead of data being used to evaluate a theory, 20:54.700 --> 20:58.780 the theory is being used to evaluate the data from the ENCODE project. 20:59.700 --> 21:05.000 The character of these objections are not lost on objective members of the scientific community, 21:05.000 --> 21:09.820 who have suggested that the real motivation for the criticisms of ENCODE 21:09.820 --> 21:13.180 are philosophical, even theological in nature. 21:14.200 --> 21:18.540 For example, two scientists, molecular biologists, 21:19.460 --> 21:21.300 John Maddock and Marcel Dinger, 21:21.800 --> 21:25.560 in an article published in the Hugo Journal, wrote these words. 21:25.560 --> 21:31.200 There may be also another factor motivating Grar and other related articles, 21:31.380 --> 21:34.840 which is suggested by the sources and selection of quotations 21:34.840 --> 21:36.620 used at the beginning of the article, 21:36.760 --> 21:40.600 as well as the use of the phrase evolution-free gospel in its title. 21:41.160 --> 21:43.860 The argument of a largely non-functional genome 21:43.860 --> 21:46.600 is invoked by some evolutionary theorists 21:46.600 --> 21:50.520 in the debate against the proposition of intelligent design of life on Earth, 21:50.900 --> 21:53.540 particularly with respect to the origin of humanity. 21:53.540 --> 21:59.600 In essence, the argument posits that the presence of non-protein coding 21:59.600 --> 22:04.240 or so-called junk DNA that comprises greater than 90% of the human genome 22:04.240 --> 22:07.340 is evidence for the accumulation of evolutionary debris 22:07.340 --> 22:09.240 by blind Darwinian evolution 22:09.240 --> 22:11.780 and argues against intelligent design, 22:12.100 --> 22:14.920 as an intelligent designer would presumably not fill 22:14.920 --> 22:18.420 the human genetic instruction set with meaningless information. 22:18.420 --> 22:23.100 This argument is threatened in the face of growing functional indices 22:23.100 --> 22:25.420 of non-coding regions of the genome, 22:25.760 --> 22:29.900 with the latter reciprocally used in support of the notion of intelligent design 22:29.900 --> 22:31.660 and the challenge to the conception 22:31.660 --> 22:36.760 that natural selection accounts for the existence and complexity of organisms. 22:37.620 --> 22:40.720 John Maddock and Marcel Dinger, who wrote these words, 22:40.720 --> 22:42.280 are not creationists. 22:42.640 --> 22:44.620 They're not intelligent design proponents. 22:44.620 --> 22:50.020 Our design of the human genome is in its infancy. 22:51.080 --> 22:53.680 Forced by their commitment to the evolutionary paradigm, 22:54.320 --> 22:59.480 many biologists see genomes as cobbled-together product of evolutionary history. 23:00.060 --> 23:03.140 But the more that we learn about the structure and the function of genomes, 23:03.320 --> 23:06.060 the more elegant and sophisticated they appear to be, 23:06.260 --> 23:10.300 and the more reasons to think that the genomes are the handiwork of our creator. 23:10.300 --> 23:13.620 I would like to conclude with the words of Eric Green, 23:13.720 --> 23:16.800 the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute. 23:17.760 --> 23:20.720 During the early debates about the human genome project, 23:21.260 --> 23:24.700 researchers had predicted that only a few percent of the human genome sequence 23:24.700 --> 23:27.280 encoded proteins that were courses of the cell, 23:27.680 --> 23:28.760 and the rest was junk. 23:29.700 --> 23:32.080 We now know that this conclusion was wrong. 23:32.640 --> 23:35.680 ENCODE has revealed that most of the human genome 23:35.680 --> 23:40.140 is involved in the complex molecular choreography required 23:40.140 --> 23:43.420 for converting genetic information into living cells and tissues. 23:44.540 --> 23:46.940 In light of the data coming from the ENCODE project, 23:47.380 --> 23:50.760 as a Christian, I feel justified in viewing the human genome 23:50.760 --> 23:54.500 and hence human beings as a product of a creator's handiwork. 23:55.200 --> 23:59.520 In Psalm 139, David sings a song of praise to the creator, 23:59.720 --> 24:03.560 summarizing the latest insights from the ENCODE project well, 24:03.560 --> 24:04.720 when he declares, 24:04.900 --> 24:08.080 I praise you because I'm fearfully and wonderfully made. 24:08.420 --> 24:09.520 Your works are wonderful. 24:09.920 --> 24:11.620 I know them full well. 24:12.220 --> 24:12.640 Thank you. 24:12.640 --> 24:12.960 Thank you. 24:15.020 --> 24:16.020 Thank you. 24:16.020 --> 24:16.660 Thank you.